85 to .92 for the two administrations) in the current sample. Cigarette Craving Questionnaire Improving on the use of single-item craving assessments and following the recommendations selleck chemicals llc of Kozlowski et al. (Kozlowski & Wilkinson, 1987; Kozlowski, Mann, Wilkinson, & Poulos, 1989) that craving be assessed using multiple descriptors (e.g., crave, urge, desire), this brief, five-item (��I have a desire for a cigarette right now,�� ��If it were possible I would smoke now,�� ��All I want is a cigarette right now,�� ��I have an urge for a cigarette right now,�� ��I crave a cigarette right now��) 0�C100 instrument is designed specifically to make rapid assessments of craving during experimental manipulations.

The instrument has been used as an outcome measure in previous reports by us (Erblich, Boyarsky, Spring, Niaura, & Bovbjerg, 2003) and others (Hutchison, LaChance, Niaura, Bryan, & Smolen, 2002). Two versions of the questionnaire were employed: (a) Immediately prior to each stimulus, the instrument was used to assess the degree to which participants expected to crave cigarettes following the stimulus and (b) immediately following each stimulus, the instrument was used to assess the degree to which participants actually craved cigarettes following the stimulus. The instrument evidenced high levels of internal consistency (Cronbach��s �� = .96�C.97) at all administrations. Procedures Respondents to advertisements were screened via telephone to determine eligibility. The study was described over the phone, and if eligible (90% of callers were eligible), participants were scheduled for the study.

In particular, prospective participants were informed that they would view and listen to various stimuli and report how it made them feel. Ninety percent of eligible respondents were enrolled in the study. Participants were scheduled for two counterbalanced cue-exposure days (approximately 20 min each); they were exposed to imaginal cues on one day and in vivo cues on the other day. To avoid ceiling effects in cigarette craving, participants smoked one cigarette immediately before beginning the study procedures on each day. Briefly, participants completed demographic, smoking history and cessation questionnaires, and the FTND on the first study day and were exposed either to a set of imaginal or in vivo cues, as described herein.

On the second visit, scheduled 1 week later, participants were exposed to the next set of cues, either imaginal or in vivo, depending on the counterbalanced order of administration. For imaginal exposures, participants listened to a 60-s script and were instructed to imagine the scene as vividly as possible, followed by AV-951 a 30-s silent period, during which they were to continue imagining the scene. Before beginning the exposures, participants were read a practice script (a trip to the grocery store) to familiarize them with the task.