5.7. Kidney Cancer Renal cell

carcinoma (RCC) is responsible for approximately 80% of primary renal cancers, and urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) accounts for the majority of the remainder (20%). The most common histological subtype of RCC is the conventional or clear cell (ccRCC). The occurrence of ccRCC is due to the defunctioning of the Von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumor suppressor gene (TSG), located on chromosome 3p. Loss of functioning of the VHL protein leads to stabilization of hypoxia-inducible factors and nuclear transcription Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical factors that in turn can activate the transcription of many genes including those encoding vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet derived growth factor [149]. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical RCC is a highly aggressive tumor and also the most lethal of urologic malignancies with an estimated 88,400 new cases and 39,300 kidney cancer-related deaths from RCC in Europe [150]. Cui et al. investigated the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical interaction between SWCNTs and human embryo kidney HEK-293 cells intended to explore SWCNT biocompatibility and safety. It was found that SWCNTs can inhibit the proliferation of HEK-293 cells, induce the cell apoptosis, and decrease cell adhesive ability in a time and dose dependent manner. SWCNTs induce changes in the cell cycle which

could be attributed to the decrease in the number of cells in the S-phase due to upregulated expression of P16 which

inhibits the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical cyclin dependent kinase activity of CdK2, CdK4, and CdKr and therefore prevents the cells from entering an S-phase and subsequently arresting the cell cycle in the G1 phase [131]. 5.8. Cervical Cancer Oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) has a causal role in nearly all cervical cancers and in many vulvar, vaginal, penile, and oropharyngeal cancers. HPV types 16 and 18 are majorly responsible for 70% of cervical Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical cancers [151]. In HPV-associated cancers, oncogenic antigens E6 and E7 were overexpressed on the tumor cells and thus, they represent an ideal target for developing antigen-specific immunotherapy for Dichloromethane dehalogenase the control of cervical cancer [152]. Wu et al. developed a novel approach of utilizing natural biocompatible polymer Gefitinib datasheet chitosan for imaging the tumor cells. In this assay, SWCNTs were modified by chitosan (CHIT) fluorescein isothyocyanate (FITC). This was further conjugated with folic acid (FA), as mostly cancers cells overexpress folic acid receptors, to construct the functional FITC-CHIT-SWCNT-FA conjugate. These novel functionalized SWCNTs were found to be soluble and stable in phosphate buffer saline and can be readily transported inside the human cervical carcinoma HeLa cells.