Additionally, the use of injectable depot preparations for the treatment of schizophrenia was considered beneficial as it ensured adherence to treatment over an extended Cobimetinib duration leading to improved health outcomes [4–7]. Compliance with treatment regimens sharply increased when patients were switched to depot agents, allowing physicians a better mechanism to detect noncompliance to therapy. Further, the injectable depot allowed better control over drug management and more predictable and consistent plasma drug concentrations when compared with oral formulations [8]. In general, injectable depots

were well Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical tolerated and more clinically efficacious than oral preparations [4, 9]. The second generation antipsychotics or atypical antipsychotics were introduced in the 1980s and led to significant improvements Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in the treatment of schizophrenia. Atypicals, effective for the positive symptoms of schizophrenia, demonstrated a lack of negative symptoms leading to greater efficacy and reduced side effects. Indeed, atypical antipsychotics have a substantially better adverse effect profile than first generation antipsychotics with respect to movement disorders, akathisia, and tardive dyskinesia [10]. Notably, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical concerns with extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS)

and the risk of tardive dyskinesia with older antipsychotics led to a reluctance in accepting injectable depots of first generation antipsychotics and a preference for oral atypical antipsychotics [11]. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical Risperidone, a novel benzisoxazole-type atypical antipsychotic, is effective in the treatment of positive as well as negative symptoms of schizophrenia and has a low incidence of extrapyramidal side effects [12–16]. In vivo, Risperidone is extensively metabolized by cytochrome P450 2D6 (subject to genetic polymorphism) to form its main metabolite, 9-hydroxyrisperidone, via hydroxylation and

N-dealkylation pathways [17, 18]. 9-Hydroxyrisperidone displays similar pharmacological activity to the parent compound; thus, the active moiety in vivo is a summation of both species. Clinically, the efficacy of Risperidone has been well established and is effective against positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia [19, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical 20]. Risperidone is an antagonist of the 5HT2A receptor compared with the D2 receptor which allows for a greater efficacy against negative symptoms and a lower rate of EPS Linifanib (ABT-869) which makes it a suitable candidate for treatment of schizophrenia [19]. Two decades of clinical usage have clearly established that atypical antipsychotics like Risperidone offer several benefits including reduced concerns with movement disorders and greater efficacy for negative and mood symptoms than first generation antipsychotics [21]. However, these benefits diminish greatly in patients who suffer from severe psychiatric ailments primarily due to non-adherence to oral therapy. Several reports have documented the reduced effectiveness of oral Risperidone therapy in young and old schizophrenic patients [22, 23].