130; 95% CI 1.06-1.21). Although these factors were statistically significant in the model, they had little effect on the estimated cost ratios when comparing patients with CC and ESLD to patients with NCD. Results of the covariate-adjusted models were very similar to results from the unadjusted Rapamycin concentration models, suggesting that liver disease

severity is the major driver of all-cause healthcare costs, and the observed cost differences between patients with CC and ESLD compared to patients with NCD cannot be attributed to confounding by age or other factors controlled for in the adjusted analysis. Incremental cost ratios for total HCV-related costs and HCV-related medical costs adjusted for demographics and other factors also differed between disease strata (Table 5). Patients with CC and ESLD were estimated to have total HCV-related

costs that were 1.85-fold higher (cost ratio 1.85; 95% CI 1.69-2.01) and 5.32-fold higher (cost ratio 5.32; 95% CI 4.88-5.81), respectively, than those GPCR & G Protein inhibitor for patients with NCD. HCV-related pharmacy costs were significantly higher in patients with CC compared with NCD (cost ratio 2.86; 95% CI 2.61-3.13), but were not significantly different between patients with ESLD compared to those with NCD (cost ratio 1.01; 95% CI 0.99-1.19). Nearly all patients (99%) had at least one ambulatory visit during the follow-up period and thus ambulatory visits were modeled using a one-part model. The

covariate-adjusted analyses showed that individuals with CC and ESLD had 1.18-fold (count ratio 1.18; 95% CI 1.15-1.21) and 1.55-fold (count ratio 1.55; 95% CI 1.52-1.59), respectively, more ambulatory visits when compared to NCD patients (Table 6). In contrast, fewer patients had an emergency room visit (39%) or an inpatient visit (23%) during the follow-up period; therefore, a two-part modeling procedure was used in which the probability of having a visit was modeled first, followed by an estimate of the number of PPPM visits among those patients who had at least one visit. Similarly, in the two-part covariate adjusted analyses of hospital admissions there were statistically significant differences in both the probability of any visit and MCE the number of admissions between patients with CC or ESLD and patients with NCD (Table 6). However, after combining these two estimates the predicted number of admissions was very similar among patients with NCD (0.023 PPPM) and CC (0.022 PPPM), but was 3.8-fold higher among patients with ESLD (0.087 PPPM) as compared to patients with NCD. Under the assumption that follow-up time was not associated with disease severity, PPPM all-cause cost measures can be roughly translated into annual cost estimates by multiplying the PPPM estimates by 12.167. Using this formula, annual all-cause healthcare costs were estimated to be $24,176 for patients with chronic HCV infection.