In support of this hypothesis, they found that stimulation of DCs with MSU caused upregulation of p21, which is protective against p53-driven cell death in Nlrp3−/− cells, but not WT DCs. Furthermore, WT DCs

exhibited a significant increase in MSU-induced cell death, as measured by propidium iodide staining and lactate dehydrogenase release, with decreased expression of the prosurvival genes Xiap and Birc3, when compared with those in Nlrp3−/− DCs. Although the authors assert that this form of programed cell death is pyroptosis, the data do not confirm caspase-1 dependence and the lack of proinflammatory cytokines in the model precludes that label as yet. Thus, these data represent a novel mechanism by which the NLRP3 inflammasome, together with the Ibrutinib p53 pathway, restricts DNA repair and promotes cell death following oxidative and genotoxic stress. That the novel NLRP3 inflammasome

pathway described by Licandro et al. proceeds independently of IL-1β and IL-18 is intriguing considering the glut of literature on the topic asserting that proinflammatory cytokine production is the main means by which the inflammasome exerts its effector function. Although infrequent, other reports proposing noncanonical pathways for caspase-1 exist. For example, Shao et al. [17] identified glycolytic enzymes as additional substrates for caspase-1, demonstrating that caspase-1 causes a reduction in the cellular glycolytic rate during conditions of endotoxic Deforolimus mw shock or infection with Salmonella typhimurium, which contributes to pyroptosis. Of particular interest for future studies is the connection between the NLRP3 inflammasome and the tumor suppressor

BCKDHB p53, which is thought to be mutated in greater than 50% of human cancers [18]. The authors propose that the NLRP3 inflammasome and the p53 pathway might intersect at the inflammasome adaptor molecule ASC, as it has been shown to colocalize at the mitochondria with apoptosis-inducing molecule, Bax [19]. The data presented by Licandro et al., taken together with the widely accepted concept of inflammation as a hallmark of cancer [20], are certain to inspire exciting
s of investigation. Indeed, a few studies have begun to look into the relationship between NLRP3 inflammasome-driven inflammation and cancer, however the results are conflicting at present [21-25]. Further exploration into the molecular interactions between these two networks will yield a better understanding of the maintenance of homeostasis following assaults on genomic integrity. NIH grants R01 AI087630 (F.S.S.) and T32 AI007511 (S.H.) supported this work. The authors declare no financial or commercial conflict of interest. “
“The goal of this study was to investigate the phenotype and functional responsiveness of CD4+ and CD8+ T-cells in the upper reproductive tract of healthy premenopausal women.