We investigated whether the disulfide bonds in recombinant wild-type MoPrP and PrPSc are cleaved in the presence of reducing agents. Recombinant PrP and PrPSc were labeled with mBBr following reduction with DTT or 2ME. The fluorescence intensities

of mBBr-labeled MoPrP increased in proportion to the reagent concentration; that of MoPrP treated with 100 mM DTT appeared to reach a plateau (Fig. 1a). When the fluorescence signal of 100 mM DTT-treated MoPrP was compared with that of a 100 mM DTT-treated single-Cys substitution mutant (C213S), the signal intensity of the treated MoPrP was about 1.8 times that of treated C213S. We estimated that more than 70% of C213S formed dimers through an intermolecular Venetoclax disulfide bond under nonreducing conditions, but almost all C213S molecules were present as monomers in the presence of 100 mM DTT, suggesting that all C213S molecules had been reduced. As MoPrP contains two Cys residues, its mBBr signal intensity was expected to be twice that of C213S. Therefore, MoPrP was likely reduced almost completely in the presence of 100 mM DTT. Next, we investigated whether Chandler PrPSc was also reduced in the presence of 100 mM DTT (Fig. 1b). Chandler PrPSc was indeed reduced, but only

by about 30% (data not shown). To investigate the effect of reducing conditions on the binding of MoPrP with PrPSc and conversion of MoPrP into PrPres, binding and cell-free conversion PD-1/PD-L1 signaling pathway assays were first performed using Chandler PrPSc as seed. Addition of both DTT and 2ME resulted in a decrease in the binding and conversion efficiencies in a concentration-dependent manner, but the differences between the reduced and nonreduced samples were not significant (Fig. 2). Addition of another reducing agent, tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine, gave similar results (data not shown). These data suggest Unoprostone that reducing conditions did not significantly affect the binding

of MoPrP to Chandler PrPSc or conversion of MoPrP into PrPres. We then investigated the effects of DTT on binding and conversion in several mouse-adapted prion strains. The binding efficiencies of MoPrP with 79A, ME7, Obihiro, and mBSE PrPSc under nonreducing conditions were 104%, 56%, 45%, and 87%, respectively, of that of Chandler (100%) (Fig. 3a, open columns). The efficiencies of ME7 and Obihiro were about half that of Chandler, although there was no significant difference between the two strains and Chandler. On the other hand, the efficiencies of conversion of MoPrP in the 79A, ME7, Obihiro, and mBSE-seeded strains under nonreducing conditions were 94%, 23%, 13%, and 21%, respectively, of that of Chandler. Except for 79A, the differences between Chandler and the other prion strains were significant (P < 0.001) (Fig. 3b, open columns).