1 The taxonomic pattern of plant naturalization in China compared to patterns worldwide. The proportion of naturalized plant species per family (for families with more than five naturalized plant

species): total naturalized species compared between China and the average of 26 naturalized floras for elsewhere in the world determined by Pyšek (1998) Six genera had more than 10 naturalized species: Euphorbia (Euphorbiaceae) and Solanum (Solanaceae) have the most naturalized species (18), followed by Ipomoea (Convolvulaceae), Amaranthus (Amaranthaceae), Oenothera (Onagraceae) and Trifolium (Leguminosae) (Table 3). Each of another 22 important naturalized genera hold more than 5 naturalized species, while about 50% of the genera are represented by a single naturalized species (Appendix S1). Table 3 The dominant genera (with five or more #PI3K assay randurls[1|1|,|CHEM1|]# species) of naturalized species in China Genera Species China (%) World (%) Euphorbia 18 23 0.9 Solanum 18 42 1.1 Ipomoea 17 50 2.6 Amaranthus CHIR99021 14 88 23 Oenothera 12 100 9.7 Trifolium 11 73 4.6 Crotalaria 8 15 1.3 Lolium 8 100 100 Paspalum 8 44 2.4 Agave 7 100 7.0 Setaria 7 37 4.7 Vicia 7 12 5.0 Alternanthera 6 100 6.0 Brassica 6 25 17 Lepidium 6 38 4.3 Senna 6 67 1.7 Veronica 6 9.5 3.3 Acacia 5 19 0.4 Bidens 5 33 2.1 Cassia 5 33 17 Cyperus 5 9.4 1.7 Mimosa 5 100 1.0 Opuntia 5 100 2.5 Passiflora 5 24

1.2 Pennisetum 5 45 3.9 Phyllanthus 5 14 0.8 Plantago 5 19 1.9 Ranunculus 5 3.2 0.8 China (%) represents the number of naturalized species in each genus in China: the total number of species in each genus in China. Similarly, world (%) represents the number of naturalized species in each genus in China: the total number of species in each genus worldwide (Mabberley 1997) Geographic

origin More than half of the naturalized alien plant species of China were of American origins (52%), followed by those with European (14%) and Asian (13%) origins. Africa was also an important origin of the naturalized plant species (74 species, 9%), while less than 20 naturalized plant species from the Mediterranean, HSP90 the Pantropics, and Oceania, each of them accounted for <2% of the total naturalized plant species in China (Fig. 2). The information on the native distributions of about 2% of the naturalized species was not consistent, or the origins were unclear. Fig. 2 Geographical origin of the naturalized plant species of China. The 33.7% Asian and European origins also includes 7.1% Eurasian and 1.7% Mediterranean origins. Besides these, Pantropics, Cosmopolitan and uncertain origins accounts for the rest 2, 0.7 and 1.4%, respectively Life form The life forms of the naturalized plants were characterized by a prevalence of annuals and perennial herbs (Fig. 3). Herbs accounted for about 82% (including vines), while woody plants (shrub and tree) comprised only 13% of the total naturalized plants, with semi-shrubs (herb/shrub) accounting for the remaining 4%.