“
“Both angiotensin (Ang)-(1-7) and Ang II in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) increase renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) and enhance the cardiac sympathetic afferent reflex

(CSAR). NAD(P)H oxidase-derived superoxide anions in the RVLM mediate the effects of Ang II on CSAR and sympathetic Bindarit mouse activity. However, whether the superoxide anions mediate the effects of Ang-(1-7) in RVLM is still unclear. This study was designed to determine whether superoxide anions mediate the effects of Ang-(1-7) in the RVLM, including increasing the RSNA and MAP and enhancing the CSAR, and to determine whether NAD(P)H oxidase is the major origin of the superoxide anions in rats. RSNA and MAP were recorded in sinoaortic-denervated and cervical-vagotomized rats with urethane and alpha-chloralose anesthesia. The CSAR was evaluated by the RSNA and MAP responses to the epicardial application of capsaicin. Bilateral RVLM microinjection of the superoxide anion scavengers tempol or tiron, or the NAD(P)H oxidase inhibitor apocynin QNZ purchase inhibited the effects of Ang-(1-7) in RVLM, while the superoxide dismutase (SOD) inhibitor diethyldithiocarbamic

acid (DETC) potentiated the effects of Ang-(1-7). Ang-(1-7) increased but Mas receptor antagonist D-Alanine-Ang-(1-7) (A-779) decreased the NAD(P)H oxidase activity and superoxide anion level in the RVLM. The Ang-(1-7)-induced increases in NAD(P)H oxidase activity and superoxide anion level were abolished

by pre-treating the RVLM with apocynin or A-779 but not the AT(1) receptor antagonist losartan. The epicardial application of capsaicin increased NAD(P)H oxidase activity and superoxide anion level; the effect was inhibited by A-779 and enhanced by Ang-(1-7). These results indicate that superoxide anions are involved in modulating the effects of Ang-(1-7) and Mas receptor in the RVLM: increasing the RSNA and MAP and enhancing the CSAR. The enzyme of NAD(P)H oxidase is a major source of the superoxide anions that modulate the effects of Ang-(1-7) in the RVLM. (c) 2012 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“In 2011, outbreaks of viral diarrhea were observed those on most swine-breeding farms in most of the provinces of China. The disease is characterized by vomiting, severe diarrhea, and a high mortality rate (82.3%) in newborn piglets. The clinical appearance was similar to that of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) infection. PEDVs were detected in samples (feces or small intestines) from most farms. In order to investigate whether there is a PEDV variant circulating in China, we sequenced and analyzed the complete genome of the recently identified field strain, CH/FJND-3/2011. The sequence data indicate that this PEDV variant prevails in China.”
“The non-structural protein 1 (NS1) of dengue virus is a useful target for diagnostics of dengue infection since the protein is abundantly circulating in blood during the acute phase of the disease.