The role of the PFC becomes predominant when time intervals have to be kept in memory, especially for longer supra-second time intervals, or when the task requires a high cognitive level. We conclude that the contribution of these strongly interconnected anatomical structures in time processing is not fixed, depending not only on the duration of the time interval to be assessed by the brain, but also on the cognitive set, the chosen task and the stimulus modality.”
“RN Channick. selleck screening library Pulmonary hypertension: Classification and treatment. Can J Cardiol 2010;26(Suppl

B):5B-11B.

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) comprises a variety of conditions that lead to elevated pulmonary arterial pressure. Because the treatment for PH depends on the cause, it is critical to accurately

classify the cause of the problem. A useful classification system, developed and refined at the World Conference on Pulmonary Hypertension, held every five years, has been developed. In this system, patients can be classified as having PH due to the following: pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH); left-sided heart disease; lung or respiratory disease; chronic thromboembolic disease; or multi factorial selleck chemical or unclear mechanisms. Although challenges in classifying patients remain, such as the patient with some left-sided heart disease but ‘out of proportion’ PH, this system has been critical in helping guide therapy. For patients who are deemed to be in group 1 (PAH) several approved therapies are available, including prostanoids (available in intravenous, subcutaneous and inhaled forms), endothelin receptor antagonists and phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors. Each of these agents has been approved based on improvement in exercise capacity demonstrated in randomized controlled trials. A treatment algorithm that provides guidance for choosing the appropriate treatment for PAH patients has been published. Patients who are considered to be ‘high risk’, such is those with overt right heart

failure, are generally appropriate for parenteral therapy, whereas those who are only moderate or low risk ire usually candidates for initial oral therapy. selleckchem In addition, close follow-up allows for the consideration of additional therapies. Many current trials, in fact, are studying this ‘goal-directed’ approach to the treatment of PAH.”
“A systematic review was carried out to study the hypothesis that bladder wall thickness (BWT) on ultrasound is accurate in diagnosing detrusor overactivity (DO).

Databases were searched from database inception to January 2009. Two reviewers independently selected articles and extracted data on study characteristics, quality and results.

Five out of 190 screened studies were included. There were variations in the quality, methods of performing the ultrasound and urodynamics studies, and the format of reporting findings.