0) was used to analyze the vertex-wise data. Brefeldin A research buy Lobe-wise and hemispheric analyses were conducted using IBM SPSS Statistics 20.0 for Macintosh (Armonk, NY). Effect sizes were computed using Cohen’s d, which indicates a small effect if between 0.2 and 0.3, a medium effect if around 0.5, and a large effect if between 0.8 and infinity. Group differences in CT and SA were investigated at each vertex point using a general linear model controlling for age, gender, and handedness. Results were corrected for multiple comparisons using

a False Discovery Rate set at 5%, whereby q < 0.05 was significant (Genovese et al. 2002). Group differences Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical in lobe-wise measures of cortical grey matter volume, SA, and average CT were assessed using a general linear model controlling

for age, gender, and handedness. In order to eliminate variance associated with the Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical global effects of prenatal alcohol exposure, cortical volume comparisons were corrected for total brain volume and SA analyses were covaried for total SA. To account for multiple comparisons from the eight lobar regions, lobe-wise results were corrected using the Bonferonni adjusted α level of 0.006 per test (0.05/8). Results Demographic and behavioral data Table 1 shows demographic data for ARND and control groups. Groups did not differ in age, handedness, or gender. However, ARND had significantly lower IQ (P < 0.001) and SES (P = 0.002) than Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical controls. A greater number of participants in the ARND group were in foster or adoptive care than controls. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical The ARND group was also more likely to have been exposed secondarily to cigarettes and other drugs and to have received a diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) than children in the control group. Table 1 Demographic information for ARND and control groups. In the ARND group, head circumference was below the 10th percentile in 4% of cases (mean percentile = 39.3, SD = 25.0, range = 5–90), none had a philtrum below the

10th percentile in length (mean percentile = 36.9, SD = 20.6, range = 10–75), and palpebral fissure length was below Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical the 10th percentile in 8% of cases (mean percentile = 41.9, SD = 19.3). None of the cases with a small head circumference also had a small philtrum or palpebral fissure, while the few cases with short philtrums had very large head circumferences and normal palpebral fissure lengths. Brain volumes The ARND group showed significant reductions in total brain volumes found (F = 10.74, P = 0.002, Cohen’s d = 0.80) and grey matter volumes (F = 8.05, P = 0.006, Cohen’s d = 0.77). Results uncorrected for total brain volume showed the ARND group had significantly smaller absolute volumes of left and right frontal (P = 0.006, P = 0.004), left parietal (P = 0.003), and right temporal grey matter (P = 0.004) than controls (see Fig. 1B). However, when we corrected for total cortical volume, none of the lobar cortical volume differences remained significant.