05), while antagonistic cytokines like IFN-γ were increased in acute phase of KD (P < 0.05) and reduced after therapy with IVIG (P < 0.05). These results suggest that aberrantly decreased levels of NKG2D expression on NK cells and CD8+T cells might be one of the factors

led to disturbed immunological function in patients with KD. Rapamycin solubility dmso Cytokines milieu could be important factors causing reduced expression of NKG2D. Kawasaki disease (KD) is an acute systemic vasculitis that affects infants and children. At present, the pathogenesis of KD remains to be further investigated. However, there is a large body of evidence that immunological disturbances play a key role in the pathogenesis of KD. A great many studies have found that the levels of many proinflammatory cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-6 are elevated in acute KD, but the mechanisms resulting in aberrant immune function or overexpression of proinflammatory cytokines are not completely clear [1-3]. NKG2D is a C-type lectin-like type II transmembrane glycoprotein. It expressed on immunocompetent cells, such as natural-killer (NK) cells, CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes (CD8+T), NKT cells and γδT cells and participates in the regulation of innate and adaptive immune response through enhancing their killing activity. It has been

demonstrated that NKG2D expression is induced MK2206 on NK cells and CD8+T cells by their activation [4-6]. Accumulated evidences suggest that peripheral CD8+T cells may be functionally suppressed in acute phase of KD. Previous studies have shown a reduction in the total number of CD8+T cells in the peripheral blood of KD patients [7]. However, the expression of NKG2D on NK cells and CD8+T cells in the acute phase of KD is still required to be investigated. In this study, flow cytometry (FCM) was used to detect the expression of NKG2A/NKG2D on CD8+T cells and CD3−CD56+ NK cells in patients with KD, both in the acute phase and after IVIG therapy. The cytokines regulating expression of NKG2D such as IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-7, IL-12, IL-15, interferon (IFN)-γ CYTH4 and transforming growth factor

(TGF)-β were also evaluated in this study. Aberrantly, decreased levels of NKG2D expression were found in acute phase of KD patients, suggesting that downregulation expression of NKG2D might be one of the factors led to disturbed immunological function in KD. Forty-six children with KD admitted to the Shenzhen Children Hospital between June 2011 and April 2012 were included in the study. The patients comprised 26 males and 20 females (mean age: 26.33 ± 23.82 months; age range: 2 months–5 years). The diagnosis was carried out according to the clinical criteria of the Kawasaki Disease Research Committee of Japan. Blood samples were obtained before treatment with 2 g/kg/day intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG, mean duration of illness, 6.3 days; range, 3–12 days) and after IVIG treatment (mean duration of illness, 12.0 days; range, 8–20 days).