, 1996) used a culturally grounded approach. Cultural modification of preexisting interventions was more common: two (15%; Horn et al., 2005; Ma et al., 2004) culturally adapted the American Lung Association��s (ALA) Not on Tobacco (N-O-T) program, and two (15%; Guilamo-Ramos et al., 2010; Rice et al., 2010) modified Project Towards Tofacitinib JAK3 No Tobacco Use (TNT; Sussman, Dent, Burton, Stacy, & Flay, 1995). Surface Structure The most common surface structural change was the use of bicultural/bilingual staff; for example, ethnically diverse staff or staff whose ethnicity matched the ethnicity of the target group conducted assessments (Elder et al., 2002; Johnson et al., 2005) or provided the tobacco cessation intervention (Rice et al., 2010; Schinke et al., 1996).

Other surface structure changes included the use of program materials in the language of the target population (Guilamo-Ramos et al., 2010), culturally relevant graphics in print and audio visual media in recruitment and counseling materials (Horn et al., 2005; Johnson et al., 2005; Ma et al., 2004; Schinke et al., 1996), recruitment from specific settings like minority churches, powwows, tribal council meetings, and community-based youth groups (Horn et al., 2005; Schinke et al., 1996). Surface structure change was also introduced by the channel in which the intervention was delivered. For example, Kaufman et al.

(1994) disseminated the smoking prevention curriculum using radio and newspaper services with predominantly African American listening audience and readership; specifically, the radio was used for smoking prevention service announcements, as well as for a call-in talk show designed to help parents to increase communication with their children about not smoking, and the newspaper advertisements included interactive Carfilzomib exercises for parents and children. They also conducted a billboard contest of smoking prevention poster and a rap contest. Deep Structure Deep structural changes involved incorporating culture specific values into tobacco interventions. For instance, tobacco prevention interventions (Elder et al., 2002; Johnson et al., 2005) tailored to Hispanic youth have incorporated cultural themes of ��familism�� (interdependence of family members), ��simpatia�� (harmonious interpersonal relations), and ��respecto�� (showing respect to elders). These themes were used to frame tobacco refusal skills without offending others and to increase motivation to quit by thinking about the ways in which smoking hurts family members. Two interventions (15%), Project FLAVOR, developed to prevent smoking among Hispanic and Asian middle school students, and Asian Adolescents Choose Tobacco-Free (ACT), a smoking cessation intervention tailored to Chinese American youth (Ma et al.