25, which Volasertib aml has been suggested for nonpregnant smokers. FUNDING The original Smoking, Nicotine and Pregnancy (SNAP) randomized control trial was supported by a grant from the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Health Technology Assessment Programme (grant number 06/07/01). DECLARATION OF INTERESTS The views and opinions expressed in this article are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of the HTA programme, NIHR, NHS or the Department of Health. T.C. and S.L. are members of the UK Centre for Alcohol and Tobacco Studies; T.C. and S.C. are members of the NIHR National School for Primary Care Research, and J.T. is funded via an NIHR fellowship. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We would like to thank Mira V. Doig and ABS Laboratories for their contribution in blood cotinine analyses and interpretation of the blood cotinine values.

We would also like to thank Dr Sheila Sharp and the University of Dundee for their contribution in analyzing the salivary cotinine samples.
Nearly all adults who smoke start smoking before the age of 26, making tobacco use a pediatric problem (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2012). In the United States, each year, over a million adolescents become regular users of tobacco (Stevens, Barron, Ledbetter, Foarde, & Menard, 2001). The decline in youth smoking during the 1990s has stalled, and the Surgeon General��s 2012 report on smoking among adolescents called for greater attention to this national epidemic (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2012). According to recent U.S.

surveys, 23% of high school students and 36% of young adults aged 18�C25 use tobacco, the latter being the highest smoking rate among all age groups (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2012; Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 2010). Smoking rates are further elevated among youth with psychiatric disorders such as attention deficit, conduct disorder, depression, anxiety, and alcohol or illicit drug dependencies (Mermelstein, 2003). A study of adolescent psychiatric inpatients found that 60% were current smokers with 40% smoking a pack or more daily (Ramsey, Brown, Strong, & Sales, 2002). Another study reported that half of 14- to 17-year olds with anxiety symptoms and two thirds of those with depressive symptoms used tobacco (Dudas, Hans, & Barabas, 2005). The reciprocal also is true.

Youth who smoke are at increased risk of developing mental illness compared with nonsmokers, including major depressive disorder, agoraphobia, generalized anxiety disorder, and panic disorder (Chang, Sherritt, & Knight, 2005; Choi, Patten, Gillin, Kaplan, & Pierce, 1997; Hanna & Grant, 1999; Johnson et al., 2000). Carfilzomib Decreasing youth smoking is imperative for addressing chronic use and the incidence of tobacco-related illnesses (Al-Delaimy, White, & Pierce, 2006).