34×10−8 6.14×10−11 ± 3.95×10−12 0.83 ± 0.01 1.4 vol.% 2.05×10−6 ± 7.90×10−8 1.44×10−9

± 8.19×10−11 0.71 ± 0.01 Figure 5 presents the J-E characteristic of the PVDF composite with 1.4 vol.% SRG sheets. The composite exhibits a much stronger nonlinear conduction behavior compared with the polymer composites with carbon nanotubes/nanofibers [50]. Similarly, other SRG/PVDF composites with SRG content above p c also exhibit such a behavior. As with other carbon/polymer composites, the current density J can be divided into linear J L and nonlinear J NL . The nonlinear part is caused by the Zener tunneling of electrons between the SRG sheets. As shown in the inset of Figure 5, the Zener tunneling predicts the nonlinear current density AP26113 datasheet (J NL) very well on the basis of the tunneling equation, i.e., J = AE n exp(−B/E) where A, B, and n are constants [51]. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report about Zener effect in graphene/polymer BMN 673 purchase composite. From our previous study, a homogeneous dispersion

of conductive filler within the insulating matrix tends to cause strong Zener current [52]. Hence, the strong electrical nonlinearity provides further support for the uniform dispersion of the SRG sheets in the PVDF matrix. Figure 5 J – E characteristic of SRG/PVDF composite with p = 1.4 vol.%. The inset shows the agreement of nonlinear current density (J NL) with Zener tunneling density J = AE n 4-Aminobutyrate aminotransferase exp(−B/E). Conclusions SRG/PVDF composite was prepared by in-situ solvothermal reduction of graphene oxide in the PVDF solution. The large aspect ratio of SRG sheets in combination with uniform dispersion in the polymer matrix led to a relatively low percolation threshold of 0.31 vol.%, which is smaller than

graphene/polymer composites prepared by direct blending chemically/thermally reduced GO sheets with PVDF. It is found that only 0.5 vol.% SRG doping will increase the dielectric constant of the material from 7 to about 105, while keeping the conductivity at a low level. Such a dielectric performance is superior to those of carbon nanotube/nanofiber based polymeric composites. The AC conductivity of the composite above p c follows the universal dynamic response, as with many other conductor-insulator systems. Moreover, the electrical nonlinearity of these composites is stronger than the carbon nanotube/nanofiber filled polymer system, resulting from the Zener tunneling effect between the uniformly dispersed SRG sheets. Acknowledgment This work is supported by the project (R-IND4401), Shenzhen Research Institute, City Unversity of Hong Kong. References 1. Psarras GC: Hopping conductivity in polymer matrix–metal URMC-099 particles composites. Composites Part A 2006, 37:1545–1553.CrossRef 2. Mrozek RA, Cole PJ, Mondy LA, Rao RR, Bieg LF, Lenhar JL: Highly conductive, melt processable polymer composites based on nickel and low melting eutectic metal. Polymer 2010, 51:2954–2958.CrossRef 3.