7 We genotyped these SNPs in 678 individuals with NAFLD from the NASH Clinical Research Network, and compared these genotypes with data from 1405 ancestry-matched controls from the MIGen study (characteristics of the participants can be found in Supporting Table 1). We first tested the variants for an effect on overall histologic NAFLD. The G allele of rs738409 in PNPLA3 was strongly associated with KPT-330 supplier an increased risk of

histologic NAFLD (OR = 3.26, 95% CI = 2.11-7.21; P = 3.6 × 10−43; Table 1). The same allele associated with steatosis >5% (OR = 3.12, 95% CI = 2.67-3.64; P = 1.11 × 10−46), lobular inflammation (OR = 3.08, 95% CI = 2.64-3.57; P = 1.83 × 10−47), hepatocellular ballooning (OR = 3.21, 95% 2.68-3.82; P = 4.19 × 10−38) NASH (OR = 3.26, 95% CI = 2.76-3.85; P = 2.06 × 10−44) and fibrosis (OR = 3.37, 95% CI = 2.85-3.97; P = 3.62 × 10−46) (Supporting Table 2). The similarity in the effects on overall histologic NAFLD and the subcomponents are due to a high degree of inter-relatedness of these phenotypes in the NASH CRN cohort (Supporting Table 1). All individuals in the NASH CRN sample with histology have at least some component of disease beyond simple steatosis including lobular inflammation, ballooning, or fibrosis indicating the presence of more advanced NAFLD. The remaining SNPs, including other variants associated with elevations in alanine aminotransferase (ALT) or aspartate aminotransferase (AST), were

R428 clinical trial not strongly associated with histologic NAFLD (Table 1). MCE公司 Controlling for BMI, T2D, high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein and TGs in these analyses did not noticeably affect any of the ORs, suggesting that these factors are not confounding the association of the SNPs with NAFLD (data

not shown). Further, we controlled for the PNPLA3 variant rs738409 in analyses of the other two PNPLA3 variants (rs2294918 and rs2281135, which are both partially correlated with rs738409, with r2 = 0.18 and 0.61, respectively). Adding rs738409 into the analytical model reduced the ORs for the other two PNPLA3 SNPs to approximately 1, with a loss of statistical significance. This result suggests that the signals of association at these two SNPs are not independent of the stronger signal of association of rs738409 (data not shown). The effect of rs738409 on histologic NAFLD in gender-specific analyses in the NASH CRN/MIGen cohort was higher in women (OR = 4.05, 95% CI = 3.20-5.14) than in men (OR = 2.50, 95% CI = 1.95-3.20), but gender-specific analyses in additional, population-based cohorts would be needed to test whether there is a true and reproducible interaction between rs738409 and gender. To determine whether the G allele of rs738409 is associated with particular histologic characteristics in individuals selected for fatty liver disease, we next performed comparisons within the NASH CRN sample. Individuals within the NASH CRN who carry G alleles of rs738409 have a decreased odds for having zone 3 centered steatosis overall (OR = 0.