71 G biloba has also been employed in clinical trials with AD. While the therapeutic activity of G biloba

is complex and likely involves the interaction and modulation of several biological systems, evidence suggests that it is an effective scavenger of both primary and secondary free radicals.78,79 Findings from short-term clinical trials, which indicated that G biloba might, be effective in AD patients,80-82 have been supported by larger, longer-term investigations. At 52 weeks, patients receiving G biloba performed Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical significantly better than the placebo group on the ADAS-Cog, although no differences were observed with respect to the CGI-C. Additionally, 26% of the patients achieved at least a 4-point improvement on the ADAS-Cog, compared to 17% with placebo (P =0.04) ,83

Estrogen appears to act as both an antioxidant, protecting brain cells from, toxins by trapping free radicals, and an anti-inflammatory agent by Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical inhibiting brain cell deterioration.84 Estrogen also is known to Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical increase the level of CAT in the basal forebrain, the frontal cortex, and most, importantly in the CA1 layer of the hippocampus. Additionally, many investigations BGB324 datasheet suggest that estrogen plays a role in promoting the growth and/or survival of neurons in areas analogous to those most, sensitive to degeneration in AD, and animal studies indicate that estrogen maintains dendritic spine density in Mppocampal pyramidal cells, regulates receptors in the hippocampus, and stimulates synapse formation.84-86 Recent epidemiological studies suggest that, estrogen use in women may significantly delay AD onset and lower AD risk. In a prospective

case-control Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical study, Kawas et al87 utilized records of 472 post- and perimenopausal women who were followed for up to 16 years. Women taking estrogen had a 54% reduction in risk for AD compared with women who did not. Similarly, Tang88 found that estrogen use during menopause significantly delayed AD onset and lowered AD risk. Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical There is also a significant literature documenting a positive effect of estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) on the memory and cognition of nondemented individuals. However, despite these findings, recognition of the nonrandom basis by which estrogen is elected in the many general population requires that epidemiological evidence be supported by well-controlled randomized clinical trials. To date, only a limited number of randomized clinical trials of estrogen have been conducted in AD patients and these have yielded mixed results. While some have found that estrogen improved cognition in AD patients,89 others did not. In particular, two recent clinical trials found no benefit of estrogen on cognitive function patients with mild-tomoderate AD.