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“Introduction It has long been established that carbohydrate (CHO) ingestion at frequent intervals, or late into submaximal aerobic exercise can maintain plasma glucose concentrations [1], and support performance through a number of mechanisms including

glycogen preservation, increased total carbohydrate oxidation rates (CHOTOT), lowered subjective perception of fatigue and prevention of acute onset hypoglycaemia [1–3]. When exercise is of a prolonged nature (ie: >3 hours), CHOTOT plays a significant role in sustaining power output (particularly if the exercise is considered strenuous). It is well established that exogenous carbohydrate this website oxidation rates (CHOEXO) may be limited at 1.0 g.min-1 when single sugars eg: glucose, are consumed, due to saturation of the intestinal sodium glucose cotransporter (SGLT1). The resulting contribution from endogenous carbohydrate selleck chemical sources to maintain CHOTOT may therefore limit performance. However, combinations of glucose, fructose and sucrose have yielded 20-55% greater CHOEXO than glucose alone, through additional utilisation of

a separate GLUT5 transport mechanism [4–8]. Whilst optimal CHO ingestion rates of 30–80 g.hr-1 have been recommended for events lasting up to 2.5 hours, no differences in CHOEXO have been observed between combined and single sugar beverages at moderate CHO intakes (0.80 g.min-1[9]). Therefore, optimal CHOEXO are likely to coincide with higher total ingestion rates Nintedanib (BIBF 1120) of mixed sugar beverages. Indeed, CHOEXO with combined glucose and fructose beverages have been reported at 1.26 g.min-1 up to 1.75 g.min-1 with ingestion rates of 1.80 to 2.40 g.min-1 respectively [4]. Case study assessment of world class triathletes in our laboratory

have indicated high CHOEXO values of >1.75 g.min-1 after 3 hours of competitive paced cycling with sustained ingestion rates of 2.00 g.min-1 indicating potential training tolerance to carbohydrate ingestion (unpublished observations). However, such high intakes may not be practical, or indeed tolerable, by club level and recreational athletes, and may exacerbate gastrointestinal distress [10] which could be detrimental to both sustained performance and beverage delivery. The use of maltodextrin-fructose formulas have been shown to elicit equally high CHOEXO[11], and may maintain gastrointestinal comfort [12]. Whilst the benefit of sports drinks on fluid delivery has been contested [13], with higher carbohydrate delivery, there is recent evidence to buy Ruxolitinib suggest that combined transportable sugar beverages may enhance fluid delivery [8, 14–16], which may benefit the athlete when net fluid loss may impede late stage exercise performance.