Although able to recall his spatial goals, LG often headed to familiar, “”attractor”" locations while navigating, losing his way in the process. Both a laboratory and an ecological study showed that spatial navigation improved when the patient was periodically reminded of, or asked to recall, the goal destination along his route. It is suggested that the ventromedial prefrontal cortex is necessary to maintain actively the goal destination in working memory, for use in navigation. (C) 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“High expression of CD30 and JunB is the hallmark

of malignant cells in Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) and anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL). Ligand-independent signaling by CD30 induces JunB, which activates the CD30 promoter, stabilizing CD30 expression and supporting the survival of Hodgkin-Reed-Sternberg (H-RS) and ALCL cells. Here we show for the first time CpG islands encompassing 60 CpG dinucleotides, located

in the core RAD001 research buy promoter, exon 1 and intron 1 of CD30 gene. Analysis of the methylation status of CD30 CpG islands in H-RS, ALCL click here and unrelated cell lines reveals an inverse relationship between the extent of CD30 CpG methylation and CD30 expression. CD30 CpG islands of H-RS and ALCL cell lines are rarely methylated. Methylation of the CD30 promoter decreases CD30 induction and JunB action on the demethylated CD30 promoter enhances CD30 induction. CD30 and JunB are strongly expressed in H-RS and ALCL cells, whereas they are not expressed in nonmalignant lymphocytes in which CD30 CpG

islands are rarely methylated. We conclude that constitutive action of aberrantly expressed JunB on hypomethylated CD30 CpG islands of lymphocytes triggers CD30 induction and initiates activation of the JunB-CD30-JunB loop, essential to the pathogenesis of HL and ALCL.”
“Whether or not the hippocampus participates in semantic memory retrieval has been the focus of much debate in the literature. However, few neuroimaging studies have directly compared hippocampal activation during semantic and episodic retrieval tasks that are well matched in all Farnesyltransferase respects other than the source of the retrieved information. In Experiment 1, we compared hippocampal fMRI activation during a classic semantic memory task, category production, and an episodic version of the same task, category cued recall. Left hippocampal activation was observed in both episodic and semantic conditions, although other regions of the brain clearly distinguished the two tasks. interestingly, participants reported using retrieval strategies during the semantic retrieval task that relied on autobiographical and spatial information; for example, visualizing themselves in their kitchen while producing items for the category kitchen utensils. In Experiment 2, we considered whether the use of these spatial and autobiographical retrieval strategies could have accounted for the hippocampal activation observed in Experiment 1.