Analysis of the primary and secondary structures of Crh suggested this epitope as being suitable for the sensitive and specific detection of Crh. Indeed, when protein extracts were separated by SDS-PAGE and subjected to Western analysis, a strong signal at the position expected for Crh (molecular weight 9.3 kDa) became visible in the wild-type, but not in the Δcrh mutant (Fig. 1). Thus, no cross-reactivity with HPr occurred. Next, we prepared protein extracts

from the wild-type strain and its isogenic ΔhprK mutant, which were grown to exponential phase in minimal glucose medium. The extracts were resolved by non-denaturing PAGE and the gel was analyzed by Western blotting using the Crh-specific antiserum. Two signals became detectable in the wild-type strain (Fig. 2a, lane 12). Quantification of the signal intensities revealed a threefold stronger see more signal for the faster migrating band, indicating that Crh is predominantly phosphorylated under these conditions. In contrast, only the slower migrating band corresponding to non-phosphorylated Crh was detectable in the hprK mutant (Fig. 2a, lane 13). Thus HPrK/P is essential for phosphorylation of

Crh in vivo. The phosphorylation of HPr by HPrK/P is modulated by the carbon source. To determine whether this also holds true for Crh, we investigated the phosphorylation state of Crh in wild-type cells that were grown to exponential phase in minimal medium supplemented with various carbon sources. The degree of phosphorylation of Crh varied drastically with the carbon source utilized by the bacteria (Fig. 2a, top panel).

In contrast, the selleck chemicals llc total amount of Crh, as estimated from denaturing SDS gel electrophoresis, was only slightly affected by the carbon source and appeared to be somewhat higher when cells utilized unfavorable carbon sources such as succinate or ribose (Fig. 2a, bottom panel). The relative proportions (in percent) of phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated Crh tuclazepam were determined by quantification of data obtained from at least three independent experiments (Fig. 2b). Crh was found predominantly in its non-phosphorylated form when bacteria utilized succinate, ribose or gluconate, all of which are unfavorable substrates. These substrates trigger no or only weak CCR and yield slower growth rates (with the exception of gluconate) in comparison with the other substrates (Singh et al., 2008). Under these conditions, 25% or less of all Crh molecules were phosphorylated. In contrast, the opposite distribution was observed with the other tested substrates. Those sugars triggered phosphorylation of ~80% of the Crh molecules. We were keen to trace putative changes in the phosphorylation state of Crh when carbohydrates become exhausted and bacteria enter the stationary growth phase. To this end, we grew the wild-type strain in minimal medium containing succinate, ribose or glucose as carbon source.