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“Few studies have considered how body condition changes over time in individual birds, and most of these concerned long-lived breeding birds. We used a large database of Common Teal Anas crecca ringed and recaptured while wintering in the Camargue to study inter-annual persistence in wing length and body condition. Winter body condition may

be a major determinant of survival during that season, and may further be related to breeding success. Indices of condition were compared for individual Teal between the moments of ringing and of recapture the following winter, analyzing each sex and age class (adult or juvenile) separately. Wing length was highly repeatable eFT-508 between years, though some limited annual Selleckchem AZD9291 variation was also recorded in adult males. Using scaled mass index as an index of body condition, we observed that condition at ringing was the strongest predictor of body condition at recapture for males and juvenile females, although inter- and intra-annual variation was also significant in most cases. The value of the slope for the relationship between individual body condition indices at ringing and recapture did not differ from 1 for males and for adults, whereas, for juvenile

females, the slope was significantly greater than 1, indicating that individual differences in condition became more exaggerated over time. When analyses were repeated using crude body mass instead of a condition index, results were generally similar. Birds recaptured the following winter had a greater body condition at ringing that those NVP-LDE225 that were

not recaptured, supporting the hypothesis of a link between winter body condition and return probability. Our results demonstrate the importance of a head start in Teal, given persistent effects of obtaining better condition in the first winter, and suggest specific age and sex effects. They also underline the value of condition indices as a long-term predictor of individual quality in birds, even during the non-breeding season and for such a relatively short-lived species.”
“We investigated the effect of theaflavins (TFs) on membrane barrier of Caco-2 cells. For fluorescein-transport experiments, the apparent permeability (P-app) of fluorescein in Caco-2 cells pretreated with 20 mu M TFs were significantly decreased compared with that in untreated cells. Although the respective monomeric catechins did not show any P-app reduction, purpurogallin pretreatment resulted in a significant P-app reduction similar to that of TF-3 ‘-O-gallate (TF3 ‘ G) pretreatment. This indicates that the benzotropolone moiety may play a crucial role in the P-app reduction or tight junction (TJ)-closing effect induced by TFs. In TF-3 ‘-O-gallate-pretreated Caco-2 cells, fluorescein transport was completely restored by compound C (AMPK inhibitor).