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“Background Helicobacter pylori is a spiral, microaerophilic, noninvasive, EPZ5676 in vitro gram-negative bacterium that colonizes the human gastrointestinal tract, primarily the stomach [1]. This organism

has been identified as an aetiological agent of chronic active gastritis, peptic ulcer disease [2, 3], gastric adenocarcinoma Cobimetinib purchase [4], and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma [5]. A number of factors such as the VacA cytotoxin, the cag pathogenicity island (cag PAI), motility, and the urease enzyme are known

to be involved in the virulence of this organism [6–8]. Biofilm development is initiated when bacteria transit from a planktonic state to a lifestyle in which the microorganisms are firmly attached to biotic or abiotic surfaces, and biofilms are strongly implicated in bacterial virulence [9]. Biofilm formation is critical not only for environmental survival but also for successful infection by numerous pathogenic bacteria. Among human bacterial pathogens, the biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Haemophilus influenzae, pathogenic Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, staphylococci and streptococci are some of the best studied [10–14]. Bacterial biofilms are frequently embedded in a self-produced extracellular matrix [15]. The extracellular learn more polymeric substance (EPS) matrix, which can constitute up to 90% of the biofilm biomass, is a complex mixture of exopolysaccharides, proteins, DNA and other macromolecules [16]. Previous studies have alluded to the ability of H. pylori to form biofilms [17, 18]. A polysaccharide-containing biofilm has been observed at the air-liquid interface when H. pylori was grown in a glass fermenter [17]. H.