Delhem et al.[36] found that tumor-derived HCV core proteins, but not nontumor-derived ones, interact with and activate double-stranded RNA-dependent protein kinase (protein kinase R or PKR), which might modulate viral persistence and carcinogenesis. Gln70 was found in two of the three tumor-derived sequences, whereas Arg70 was found in two of the three nontumor-derived ones. As for the NS3 protein of HCV, the possible link between an N-terminal portion of NS3 encoding viral serine protease (aa 1027 to 1146) and hepatocarcinogenesis was reported.[21, 22] However, information about the

relationship between NS3 sequence diversity and HCC development is still limited. We previously reported a significant correlation between predicted secondary structure of an N-terminal portion of NS3 and HCC development.[34] In the present study, we demonstrated that HCV patients infected with HCV isolates Tamoxifen clinical trial with NS3-(Tyr1082/Gln1112) were at a higher risk Decitabine chemical structure to develop HCC than those infected with HCV isolates with non-Tyr1082/Gln1112 (Tables 2, 3; Fig. 2B). Computer-assisted secondary structure analysis of NS3 revealed that Tyr1082 was associated with the presence of a turn structure at around position

1083 while Phe1082 was associated with the absence of the turn structure.[34] Notably, the catalytic triad of NS3 serine protease consists of His1083, Asp1107, and Ser1165.[37] Since positions 1082 and 1112 are in close vicinity of the catalytic triad, sequences diversity at these positions might influence the serine protease activity and also pathogenicity of HCV. Large-scale,

multicenter this website clinical studies as well as more detailed experimental studies at the molecular and cellular levels are needed to clarify the importance of sequence diversity at positions 1082 and 1112 of NS3 in HCV-mediated hepatocarcinogenesis. HCV heterogeneity in NS5A-ISDR and NS5A-IRRDR are correlated with IFN-responsiveness.[17, 18, 25, 26] As IFN-based therapy reduces the risk of HCC development,[4, 28] we were interested to investigate whether there is a correlation between sequence heterogeneity in NS5A and development of HCC. Our present results revealed that a high degree of sequence heterogeneity in IRRDR (IRRDR≥6) was closely associated with HCC development (Table 2). We previously reported that IRRDR≥6 was significantly associated with good responses to PEG-IFN/RBV combination therapy.[26, 27] These results collectively suggest that oncogenic properties and PEG-IFN/RBV responsiveness are independent viral characteristics and that PEG-IFN/RBV therapy helps eliminate oncogenic HCV isolates, thus reducing the risk of HCC development. Position 2218 of NS5A, located within ISDR, appears to tolerate a wide range of aa substitutions as observed in different HCV-1b isolates.