Finally, Kovacs et al. [56] found no statistical difference in urine volume either before or after cycling. It should also be mentioned the authors reported wide-ranging post-exercise urinary caffeine concentrations within subjects, which could possibly be explained by inter-individual variation in caffeine liver metabolism [56]. Grandjean et al. [89] collected urine samples over a 24-hr period and found at rest there was no significant change in urine output at rest when consuming water or varying doses of caffeine in the range of 114 mg/d-253 mg/d (1.4 mg/kg – 3.13 mg/kg). An interesting study published #Torin 2 manufacturer randurls[1|1|,|CHEM1|]# by Fiala and

colleagues [90] investigated rehydration with

the use of caffeinated and caffeine-free Coca-Cola®. In a double-blind crossover manner, and in a field setting with moderate heat conditions, subjects participated in three, twice daily, 2-hr practices. Athletes consumed water during exercise, and on separate occasions, either of the Coca-Cola© treatments post-exercise. In total, subjects consumed ~7 cans/d or ~741 mg/d of caffeine. As a result, no statistical differences were found for measures such as heart rate, rectal temperatures, change in plasma volume, or sweat rate [90]. It should be noted, however, the authors also reported a negative change in urine color Etomoxir purchase for the mornings of Day 1 and 3, which was a possible indication of an altered hydration status; although, it was not evident at any other time point during the experiment. Therefore, Fiala et al. [90] suggested future research should continue to investigate the effects of rehydrating with caffeine over several consecutive days. Roti et al. [91] examined the effects of chronic caffeine supplementation followed by an exercise heat tolerance test (EHT). The study included 59 young, active males. All subjects consumed 3 mg/kg of caffeine for six Amylase days, and during days 7-12 subjects were divided into

three groups and ingested 0, 3, or 6 mg/kg of caffeine. The EHT consisted of walking on a treadmill at 1.56 m/s at a 5% grade. Results were conclusive in that sweat rates were not statistically different between groups, and chronic supplementation of 3 and 6 mg/kg of caffeine did not negatively affect fluid-electrolyte balance, thermoregulation, and thus performance.91. Millard-Stafford and colleagues [92] published results from a study that examined the effects of exercise in warm and humid conditions when consuming a caffeinated sports drink. No significant differences were found for any of the three treatments: placebo (artificially flavored water), 6% carbohydrate-electrolyte, and 7% carbohydrate-electrolyte plus B vitamins 3, 6, and 12 in addition to 46 mg/L carnitine, 1.