Furthermore, urine samples were analyzed by the LC–MS/MS method developed by Warth et al. (2012a) which allows the separation and the quantification of DON-3-GlcA and DON-15-GlcA. The analysis confirmed the presence of DON-3-GlcA in rat urine, while DON-15-GlcA was not detected in any sample. The minor peak was investigated by MS/MS experiments

and enzymatic hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase (according to Warth et al., 2012a) and assumed to be another DON-GlcA isomer. Based on these findings, we conclude that DON is mainly metabolized to DON-3-GlcA in the used rat strain. Conjugation to a – yet unidentified – other DON-GlcA (which was not quantified in our experiments) occurred only to minor extent. Recently, the occurrence of another DON-metabolite DAPT order in rat urine, DOM-1-GlcA, was reported (Lattanzio et al., 2011). After enzymatic hydrolysis of urine samples, we observed an selleck chemicals increase in the DOM-1 concentration of 2.0- to 3.2-fold,

indicating the presence of DOM-1-GlcA. Yet, direct quantification of DOM-1-GlcA was not possible due to the lack of a suitable standard. Following oral application of D3G, we detected D3G as well as DON, DON-GlcA and DOM-1 in rat urine. In principle, after oral administration an effective gastrointestinal absorption leads to high urinary excretion of a toxin or its metabolites, whereas fecal elimination indicates lack of absorption (Galtier, 1998). D3G was determined in all urine samples collected 0–24 h after administration, proving that this masked mycotoxin is bioavailable in rats. Yet, amounts of urinary excreted D3G/day did not exceed 9.9 nmol Furthermore, only traces of D3G were found after 24 h. Thus, the absorption of D3G seems to be very

limited. Currently, only one previous study evaluated the fate of mycotoxin glucosides in vivo. In a feeding experiment with zearalenone-14-β-d-glucoside (Z14G), Gareis et al. (1990) did not detect Z14G in urine of swine. Seemingly, bioavailability of Z14G and D3G differs, as was to be expected. In recent years concerns have been raised that cleavage of D3G could increase total DON intake of individuals. In the urine of the exposed rats, D3G was mainly eliminated in form of DON and DON-GlcA (67.7 ± 7.0%). Rebamipide Therefore, our findings demonstrate that DON is liberated from D3G in vivo, absorbed and subsequently metabolized to DON-GlcA. Yet, considerably lower amounts of DON and DON-GlcA were determined in the urine of D3G treated rats in comparison to DON treatment. Thus, DON exposure due to the ingestion of D3G seems to be marginal, at least in rats. Concentrations of DON and DOM-1 in the analyzed feces samples were between 217–17,700 ng/mL and 819–7740 ng/mL, respectively. The daily amounts of freeze-dried feces/animal ranged from 3 to 9 g per animal. The total amounts of excreted DON, DOM-1 and D3G in feces are given in Table 4.