General analysis procedures are also described therein. We identified several functional brain areas (early visual areas [V1, V2, V3, hV4, VO-1, VO-2], hMT+, and VWFA)

using separate localizer scans conducted within a single session (multiple runs) for each subject individually. The BOLD activation was measured within these regions of interest. The VWFA localizer is described below. Please see Supplemental Experimental Procedures for hMT+ localizer and retinotopy descriptions. Retinotopic mapping was performed following previously Epigenetics Compound Library datasheet published methods (Dumoulin and Wandell, 2008). The visual word form area (VWFA) localizer consisted of four block-design runs of 180 s each. Twelve-second blocks of words, fully phase-scrambled words, or checkerboards alternated with 12 s blocks of fixation (gray screen with fixation dot). Stimuli during each block were shown for 400 ms, with 100 ms interstimulus intervals, giving 24 unique stimuli per block. Words were six-letter nouns with a minimum word frequency

of seven per million (Medler and Binder, 2005). The size of all stimuli was 14.2 × 4.3 degrees. Fully phase-scrambled words consisted of the same stimuli, except that the phase of the images was randomized. Checkerboard stimuli reversed contrast at the same rate as the stimuli changed and were the same size as other stimuli. The order of the blocks was pseudorandomized, and the order of stimuli within those blocks was newly randomized Activator for each subject. The VWFA was defined in each subject as the activation on the ventral cortical surface from a contrast between words and phase-scrambled words (p < 0.001, Venetoclax uncorrected, Figure 8). The region was restricted to responsive voxels outside retinotopic areas and anterior to hV4. The Montreal Neurological Institute (MNI) coordinates of the peak voxel within the region of interest (ROI) was identified by finding the best-fitting transform between the individual T1-weighted anatomy with the average MNI T1-weighted anatomy and then applying that transform to the peak voxel within the VWFA for the same contrast. The VWFA ROIs are located near the left lateral occipitotemporal

sulcus (Figure 8B, MNI coordinates in Table S1, mean MNI coordinates: −41 −57 −23) and within ∼5 mm of previous reports (Ben-Shachar et al., 2007b, Cohen et al., 2000, Cohen et al., 2002 and Cohen et al., 2003). In 5 out of 6 subjects activations were bilateral, while in the remaining subject the activation was left-lateralized. In this manuscript, unless otherwise specified, VWFA refers to the left-hemisphere ROI. In all subjects a contrast of words versus checkerboards produces regions of interest in virtually identical locations and of similar size (Figure S3). The ability to identify regions of interest in ventral occipital temporal cortex is limited by measurement artifacts caused by (1) the large transverse sinus (Winawer et al.