In caudal motor cortex, Bhlhb5 null mice exhibit anomalous differentiation of corticospinal motor neurons, accompanied by failure of corticospinal tract formation. Together, these results demonstrate Bhlhb5′s function as an area-specific transcription factor that regulates the postmitotic acquisition of area identities and elucidate the genetic hierarchy between progenitors and postmitotic neurons driving neocortical arealization.”
“Background: In the last years intramedullary nailing has become

the treatment of choice for most displaced diaphyseal tibia fractures. In contrast intramedullary nailing of distal tibia fractures is accompanied by problems like decreased Go 6983 biomechanical stability. Nevertheless the indications for intramedullary nailing have been extended to include even more distal fractures. The purpose of this study was to compare long-term mechanical characteristics of angle-stable versus conventional locked intramedullary nails in the treatment of unstable distal tibia fractures. Therefore, the effect of time on the mechanical properties of biodegradable sleeves was assessed.\n\nMethods: 8 pairs of fresh, frozen porcine tibiae were used. The expert tibial nail (Synthes) was equipped Pevonedistat in vivo with either three conventional locking screws (CL) or the angle-stable locking system (AS), consisting of a special ASLS screw and a biodegradable sleeve. Biomechanical testing included torsional and axial loading at

different time-points over 12 weeks.\n\nResults: The AS group showed a significantly higher torsional stiffness at all time-points (at least 60%) compared to the CL group (p < 0.001). The neutral zone was at least 5 times higher in the CL group (p < 0.001). The mean axial stiffness was maximum 10% higher (week 6) in the angle-stable locked group compared to the Givinostat ic50 conventional group. There was no significant change of

the torsional mechanical characteristics over the 12 weeks in both groups (p > 0.05). For axial stiffness and range of motion significant differences were found in the AS group.\n\nConclusions: The angle-stable locking system (ASLS) with the biodegradable sleeve provides significantly higher long-term stability. Especially the differences determined under torsional loading in this study may have clinical relevance. The ASLS permits the potential to decrease complications like secondary loss of reduction and mal-/non-union.”
“We found that a-aryl aldehydes can be cleaved to chain-shortened carbonyl compounds and formaldehyde by various iodosylbenzene complexes. A mechanistic scheme is presented that accounts for the loss of one carbon atom. Formaldehyde is further oxidized to CO and CO2 under the reaction conditions.”
“We conducted a (CO2)-C-13 pulse-chase labelling experiment in a drained boreal organic (peat) soil cultivated with perennial crop, reed canary grass (RCG; Phalaris arundinacea) to study the flow of carbon from plants to soil microbes.