In comparison, Dyck and Sumaila [32] estimated the total landed value for Latin America to US$ 7.2B (for 2003) and the economic impact of these landings

to US$ 14.8B, i.e. an average economic multiplier of 2.0 for Latin America. At the global level they estimated the average multiplier to 2.8, which is almost the same as what we obtained for Peru overall. The study by Dyck and GSI-IX molecular weight Sumaila [32] used input–output analysis to estimate the economic multipliers from fisheries, and additional estimates from other input–output analysis studies are available from the Global Trade Analysis Project database (GTAP) as reported by Sumaila and Hannesson [33]. For Latin America the regional average for the economic multiplier is 3.3, which indeed also indicates that Peru is getting less spin-off values for its fisheries than the neighboring countries. The methodologies discussed here for estimating economic multipliers for the fisheries sector are completely

independent, and with this in mind it is interesting that the outcome is very similar. In this study it was not possible to include import taxes and value added tax. Also, it was not possible to include the export subsidies of US$ 567 million that are paid to the industry to compensate for their payment of value added tax and import taxes as the distribution of this was unclear. This means that the omission to some extent (perhaps almost fully) Dapagliflozin nmr will cancel out with regard to contribution to the GDP. It should further be noted, that the study indicated that there was very little direct economic benefit for Peru as a society, i.e. taxes and licenses were negligible in comparison

to the profit that was made in the sector. It is expected that the present estimates for contribution of the fisheries sector to the GDP and to employment are conservative in the sense that the actual values are likely to be higher. As discussed, freshwater fisheries and aquaculture, IUU fisheries, were not included, and the estimates for the value chain notably included only restaurants that were fully specialized on seafood, not the many other restaurants with more varied menus – most MRIP of which will also serve seafood. The study also did not include spin-off effects from rural farmers and other sectors, while doing so would have increased employment and economic benefit from the marine fisheries sector. Further refinements of the study are expected to add the missing links, however, in order to give an even more complete picture. Still, this study has provided a new and comprehensive overview of the Peruvian fisheries sector that is of importance for managing the fisheries in Peru. Peru recently introduced a catch share and quota system for the industrial anchoveta fishery.