Marked changes in blood leukocyte counts resulting from a single bout of high intensity exercise are well known and are due largely to the movement of neutrophils from the marginal pool to the circulating pool as a result of muscular action [44]. It is documented that neutrophilia depends of exercise intensity and duration [7] MLN8237 and also of body temperature attained during exercise [45]. Acute exercise results in a rapid increase in blood neutrophil counts likely due to demargination

caused by shear stress and catecholamines [46], which is followed by a delayed neutrophilia attributed to cortisol-induced release of neutrophils from the bone marrow [46]. An increase in blood neutrophil numbers does not imply better neutrophil function, because neutrophils released as a result of acute exercise are relatively immature and consequently their degranulation and oxidative burst in response to bacterial stimulation may be reduced for many hours after the exercise bout [47–49]. Acute exercise elicits characteristic transient biphasic changes in the numbers of circulating lymphocytes. Typically, a lymphocytosis is observed immediately after exercise, with numbers of cells

falling below pre-exercise levels during the early stages of recovery [50]. Results obtained in this study are in total agreement with this pattern of response, with significant decreases in lymphocyte numbers click here detected at 30 and 150 min after exercise, except for the group supplemented with nucleotides in which a total recovery on the number of lymphocytes was detected at 150 min. Although it has been shown that dietary nucleotides stimulates the maturation of immune cells [17, 51], the rapid recovery in lymphocyte counts registered between 30 and 150 min after the exercise test, suggest a redistribution from other cell compartments. There is considerable evidence demonstrating that

exogenous nucleotides increase the proliferative response to T cell-dependent mitogens (PHA, ConA and PWM) [14, 17]. In the present study, significant differences in lymphocyte proliferation have been detected between treatment groups at 24 h after exercise. On the initial exercise test, lymphoproliferative Methamphetamine activity was higher in the placebo group (P < 0.05), while after supplementation it was higher in the nucleotide group (P < 0.05). Interpretation of the data is hampered by the fact that values are different in the baseline test. This was probably due to the reduced sample size (10 athletes per group) and the randomized nature of the study, which resulted by happenstance (since this result is prior to intervention) in an almost significant effect of exercise in the I group. This may be interpreted to indicate a higher susceptibility of this group to depressed lymphocyte proliferation in the face of intense physical activity. This in turn would be expected to dampen, or hide, a putative effect of the nucleotide supplement in this regard.