Observed medians falling below the bottom 5% of the expected medians indicate significantly amplified division of labor for the focal task. Comments explaining individual lines of code are indicated with a # sign. “
“The Gulf of Guinea thrush Turdus olivaceofuscus is endemic to the islands of São Tomé (nominate olivaceofuscus) and Príncipe (subspecies xanthorhynchus). Relationships between the two island taxa, originally described as two different species, are uncertain. This problem has find more been difficult to resolve

due to the scarcity of information from Príncipe birds. A focused effort to find birds from Príncipe resulted in new observations, the first records of its song, and in the capture of four individuals, which provided new data for analyses. We obtained additional data from museum specimens. Our analyses indicate that the two populations differ substantially in size, bill shape Selleck Navitoclax and bill, eye and leg coloration

as well as in several plumage characteristics. In addition, xanthorhynchus utters a low call of a type not previously recorded in the genus Turdus. Genetic evidence corroborates the phenotypic evidence: both taxa constitute clearly independent evolutionary lineages (2368 bp from the mitochondrial markers ND2, ND3 and cytochrome b (cyt-b) from four individuals of each population). Genetic divergence between the taxa (cyt-b: uncorrected: 6.4%; corrected: 8.8%) suggests that they may have been isolated for over 4 Myr. These results support the split of T. olivaceofuscus into two species: São Tomé thrush T. olivaceofuscus and Príncipe thrush Turdus xanthorhynchus. The latter is a very rare species, restricted to the most inaccessible parts of Príncipe Island. Phylogenetic inference favoured the African thrush Turdus pelios as the closest living relative to the Gulf of Guinea species. “
“Conservation biology and

landscape ecology are increasingly concerned with the effects of urbanization on wildlife, including the influences of habitat edges. This is particularly important in landscapes where a restriction on species home-range movements may reduce an animal’s ability to access habitat resources, which ultimately reduces medchemexpress population viability. Despite this, there is limited information available on the movement behavior of wildlife at forest edges adjoining urban areas. We addressed this by radiotracking 30 squirrel gliders Petaurus norfolcensis in forest interiors and near road and residential edges in the fragmented urban landscape of south-east Queensland, Australia. An assessment of fixed-kernel (FK100% and FK50%) and minimum convex polygon (MCP100%) methods revealed that FK provided the most reliable home-range estimates. We applied a general linear model to test the influence of season, age and sex relative to habitat type (forest interiors, road edge, residential edge) on squirrel glider home-range size (FK95% & FK50%).