Only through convincing evidence accumulated from controlled tria

Only through convincing evidence accumulated from controlled trials with sufficient sample sizes and objectively measured buy Trametinib outcomes can it be determined whether engaging in a non-traditional exercise modality, such as Tai Ji Quan, is beneficial for aging cancer survivors, and whether this could lead to more specific and achievable recommendations for cancer survivors for improving motivation. This evidence would strengthen current guidelines and add specificity to recommendations for older cancer survivors, which represent

the majority of this burgeoning proportion of the U.S. population. The work presented in this paper is supported by a research grant from the National Cancer Institute, USA (CA163474). “
“According to the World Health Organization, “physical inactivity has been identified as the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality 26s Proteasome structure causing an estimated 3.2 million (annual) deaths globally.”1 In the Research Highlight of the first issue of this journal, I reviewed the evidence which supports the notion that physical inactivity can cost lives, in terms of longevity and quality of life, especially in the last few years of our lives.2 Here, I would like to review the literature that reveals the financial burden due to physical inactivity. In a classic paper, Katzmarzyk and Janssen3

estimated that the health care cost due to physical inactivity is about 2.6% of the total health care cost or $5.3 billion, for the year 2001 in Canada. Thirty percent of this $5.3 billion was direct health care expenditure, and the rest was indirect cost due to related work disability (-)-p-Bromotetramisole Oxalate and premature death. Janssen4 followed up their previous estimation a few years later, when the total cost had increased to $6.8 billion, which represents 3.7% of the total Canadian health care cost in 2009. Rising health care costs due to physical inactivity is not unique to Canada. It is a major cost to governments in both developing

and developed countries. Zhang and Chaaban5 studied the health care cost of the five most prevalent non-consumable diseases (NCDs), coronary heart disease, stroke, hypertension, cancer, and type 2 diabetes in China. The prevalence of these diseases is highly correlated to the rise in physical inactivity. They concluded that more than 15% of the cost of NCDs in China was due to physical inactivity during 2007, to the tone of $6.7 billion. The Department of Health in the United Kingdom6 estimated that the cost of physical inactivity in England was £8.2 billion (roughly $15 billion at the time) annually for 2004, including the direct costs of treatment for the major lifestyle related diseases, and the indirect costs caused through absence from work due to sickness.

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