Pathologic results served as the reference standard. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of the techniques

were calculated. Weighted kappa values were calculated to evaluate agreement between modalities.

Results: Pathologic analysis revealed PE in 18 of 30 pulmonary lobes. Conventional CT angiography was used to correctly identify PE in 12 lobes and absence of emboli in 18 lobes, which corresponded to sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of 67%, 100%, 100%, and 67%, respectively. A kappa value of 0.65 indicated good correlation with pathologic findings. On BF images, segments with an embolic region showed low perfusion compared with segments with a normal

pulmonary region. BF images and fused images correctly showed PE in 16 of 18 pulmonary lobes and absence of emboli in 11 of 12 lobes, which corresponded Selleckchem PLX4032 to sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of 89%, 92%, 94%, and 85%, respectively, in detection of PE. A kappa value of 0.80 indicated good correlation with pathologic findings.

Conclusion: Dual-source CT can depict GSK923295 nmr normal and abnormal blood perfusion distribution in a rabbit’s lung. Abnormal pulmonary blood distribution, as shown at dual-source CT, improves detection of acute PE in rabbits.”
“P>Nitric oxide (NO) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) play key roles in plant immunity. However, the regulatory mechanisms of the production of these radicals are not fully understood. Hypersensitive response Liproxstatin-1 Metabolism inhibitor (HR) cell death requires the simultaneous and balanced production of NO and ROS. In this study we indentified NbRibA encoding a bifunctional enzyme, guanosine triphosphate cyclohydrolase II/3,4-dihydroxy-2-butanone-4-phosphate synthase, which participates in the biosynthesis of flavin, by screening genes related to mitogen-activated protein kinase-mediated cell death, using virus-induced gene silencing. Levels of endogenous riboflavin and its derivatives, flavin mononucleotide

(FMN) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), which are important prosthetic groups for several enzymes participating in redox reactions, decreased in NbRibA-silenced Nicotiana benthamiana. Silencing NbRibA compromised not only HR cell death, but also the NO and ROS production induced by INF1 elicitin and a constitutively active form of NbMEK2 (NbMEK2DD), and also induced high susceptibility to oomycete Phytophthora infestans and ascomycete Colletotrichum orbiculare. Compromised radical production and HR cell death induced by INF1 in NbRibA-silenced leaves were rescued by adding riboflavin, FMN or FAD. These results indicate that flavin biosynthesis participates in regulating NO and ROS production, and HR cell death.