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and data analysis. SCL participated in the design of the study and drafted the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Resistive random access memory (RRAM) with a simple metal-insulator-metal structure shows promising characteristics in terms of scalability, low power operation, and multilevel data storage capability and is suitable for next-generation memory applications [1–4]. RRAM devices with simple structure and easy fabrication process that are compatible with high-density 3D integration [5] will be needed in the future. Wortmannin in vivo Various oxide switching materials such as HfOx[6–9], TaOx[3, 10–15], AlOx[16–19], GdOx[20], TiOx[21–23], NiOx[24, 25], ZrOx[26–29], ZnO [30–32], SiOx[33], and GeOx[34–36] have been used in nanoscale RRAM applications. However, their nonuniform switching and poorly understood switching mechanisms are currently the bottlenecks for the design of nanoscale resistive switching memory. Generally, inert metal electrodes [4] and various interfacial methods are used to improve resistive switching memory characteristics. We previously reported polarity-dependent improved memory characteristics using

IrOx nanodots (NDs) in an IrOx/AlOx/IrOx-NDs/AlOx/W structure [16]. However, improved memory performance using different high-κ oxide switching materials such as AlOx, GdOx, HfOx, and TaOx in IrOx/high-κx/W structures has not been reported yet. Using different high-κ oxides in the same structure may reveal a unique way to design novel RRAM 6-phosphogluconolactonase devices for practical applications. Electrical formation of an interfacial layer at the IrOx/high-κx interface is important to improve resistive switching memory characteristics. Using this approach, high-density memory could be achieved using an IrOx/AlOx/W cross-point structure, which we also report here. In this study, we show that the electrically formed oxygen-rich interfacial layer at the IrOx/high-κx interface in an IrOx/high-κx/W structure plays an important role in improving the resistive switching memory characteristics of the structure.