SMART-amplified cDNA samples were further digested by RsaI endonuclease. GANT61 clinical trial Subtractive hybridizations were performed using the SSH method in both directions (Aposymbiotic

vs. Symbiotic A/S and vice-versa S/A) as described in [32, 33] using the PCR-Select cDNA Subtraction Kit (Clontech/BD biosciences, PaloAlto, CA). In order to reduce the number of false-positive clones in the SSH-generated libraries, the MOS procedure (Mirror Orientation Selection) was performed by Evrogen (Moscow, Russia) for SSH2s A-S, as described in [34]. Purified subtracted cDNAs from SSH1s A-S were cloned into the PCR 2.1 TOPO vector (Invitrogen, Cergy-Pontoise, France) and used for E.coli transformation. 137 and 72 clones (SSH1-A/S and SSH1-S/A), respectively, were selected for further confirmation. Purified cDNA from SSH2s A-S were cloned

into the pAL16 vector (Evrogen) and used for E. coli transformation. 480 clones for each subtraction were selected for further confirmation. PCR-amplified inserts from clones representing differentially-expressed gene products were confirmed by differential hybridization using either DIG-labeled (SSH1s A-S; DIG high prime DNA labeling and detection starter kit, Roche, Meylan, France) or P-32-labeled (SSH2s mTOR activation A-S), subtracted cDNA probes. Finally, in order to characterize genes responding to bacterial challenge, we performed SSHs between extracts from whole females, challenged or not challenged by S. typhimurium (SSHs C-NC, nC=nNC=40 females), see above for bacterial challenge procedure. The preparation of these SSHs has been performed by Evrogen (Moscow, Russia)

with the same procedure as for SSH2s A-S. EST sequencing, data processing and analysis All clones from the libraries were sequenced using the Sanger method (Genoscope, Evry, France), and have been deposited in the Telomerase Genbank database (Normalized library: FQ829929 to FQ844492; OS: FQ848737 to FQ857191; OA1: FQ844493 to FQ848736; OA2: FQ790408 to FQ793875 and FQ859091 to FQ859175; SSH2-C: FQ828348 to FQ829118; SSH2-NC: FQ829119 to FQ829928; SSH2-A: JK217526 to JK217700 and JK217743 to JK217748; SSH2-S: JK217375 to JK217525 and JK217729 to JK217742; SSH1-S: JK217749 to JK217767; SSH1-A: JK217701 to JK217728). A general overview of the Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs) data processing is given in Figure 1. Raw sequences and traces files were processed with Phred software [35, 36] in order to eliminate any low quality bases in sequences (score < 20). Sequence trimming, which includes polyA tails/vector/adapter removal, was performed by Cross_match. Chimeric sequences were computationally digested into independent ESTs. Figure 1 Sequence treatment (A) and functional annotation procedure (B). Clustering and assembly of the ESTs were performed with TGICL [37] to obtain putative unique transcripts (unigenes) composed of contiguous ESTs (contigs) and unique ESTs (singletons).