The other selleckchem five bacterial species represent previously unreported associations

for R. microplus. Whereas C. glutamicum and S. marcescens were detected in eggs only, S. sciuri was present in male and female ticks, F. magna in eggs and female ticks, and S. dysgalactiae in eggs, male ticks, and female ticks. Because of our permissive approach to assess bacterial diversity, e.g., the ticks used in this study were not disinfected prior to DNA extraction, the prevalence of these new bacterial associations with R. microplus needs to be confirmed. However, it is relevant to note that S. dysgalactiae and S. marcescens are known to cause bovine mastitis, whereas F. magna was detected in papillomatous digital dermatitis lesions of cattle [27–29]. Epigenetics inhibitor Staphylococcus

sciuris is commonly found in the skin of cattle and other animals, while the natural habitats of C. glutamicum include soil, soils contaminated with bird feces, sewage and manure, and vegetables and fruits [30, 31]. In their natural environment, R. microplus eggs may be exposed to C. glutamicum after oviposition by gravid female ticks. Clustering analysis showed that the microbial biota detected in the ovary tissue of adult female ticks was the most dissimilar tissue of all the tick samples tested (Figure 1). Additionally, the least diverse microbial biota was detected in this tissue. Members of the Coxiellaceae family were the most prevalent bacteria in cattle tick ovary. Consistent with this finding, the Coxiellaceae were also found in the egg and adult female samples (Figure 1). Relative abundance of bacterial genera by tick life stage and tissue sample One hundred twenty-one bacterial Adenosine genera were detected in all the life stages and tissues sampled in this study (see Additional File 1 Table S1). Among the genera found in our study, Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Curtobacterium,

Enterobacter, Microbacterium, Paenibacillus, Pantoea, Pseudomonas, Rhodococcus, Serratia, Staphylococcus, and Stenotrophomonas are genera previously reported to be harbored by R. microplus isolated from ticks collected in Australia [24]. Enterobacter, Pseudomonas, and Staphylococcus, found in both our study and the Australian study, were also SHP099 supplier cultured from homogenates of R. microplus in Bangladesh that were produced following surface sterilization and dissections using sterile technique [32]. Infection with Achromobacter and Escherichia was previously reported for cattle ticks from the Bangladesh study but not the Australian study. Among the life stages sampled, the total number of bacterial genera detected in the egg, adult male, and adult female ticks was 54, 53, and 61, respectively (Additional File 1 Table S1). Of those numbers, 25, 25, and 27 genera were unique to the egg, adult male, and adult female life stages, respectively.