The ovariectomy success was confirmed, after sacrifice, by the visualization of ovary absence and uterus atrophy. The rats were weighed at the beginning Trametinib manufacturer and at the end of the experiment. Weight changes were observed in percentage according to the formula below: (final weight−initial weight)×100initial weight The average value of solid and liquid diet consumed per rat/per day was recorded. The amount of Ca and P and the relative ratio of Ca/P, present in the alveolar bone crest, were measured using an

energy-dispersive micro X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (μEDX 1300 – 50 μm – Shimadzu®, Kyoto, Japan). After sacrifice, the mandibles were placed in a solution of 10% buffered formalin for 24 h, washed with water, then dried and frozen at −20 °C. Fixation of biological samples in formaldehyde based solutions prior to the analyses of concentrations of Ca and P in bone had already been undertaken by other authors.24, 25 and 26 To reduce possible interference to the fixation procedure in the interpretation of the results, all samples were fixed for the same period of time. The fixation in formalin was done to prevent the putrefaction of the samples during the spectrometric analysis. The region of the alveolar bone crest, right

side of the mandible, between the 1st and 2nd molar, were flattened using sandpaper no. 1200 coupled to an automatic polishing machine. This was necessary as irregularities on the surface of the sample could influence the interaction of electrons Selleck NU7441 and the propagation of X-rays. The samples were mapped on a rectangular area, including the alveolar bone crest, which led to a window of 0.80 mm × 0.60 mm (40 × 30 points with increments of 20 μm). The voltage was set at 15 kV with automatic adjustment of the current. The time required for the mapping of each sample was approximately 260 min. The calibration of the equipment used for reference, was a commercial reagent of synthetic hydroxyapatite (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 – 99.999% grade – Sigma–Aldrich®, St. Louis, USA). The Ca/P ratio calculated (theoretically), in

weight percentage, used to compare the results was 2.16, calculated from the stoichiometry. The calculations Etomidate were obtained considering 10 mol of Ca with molar mass of 40.08 g/mol and 6 mol of P with molar mass 30.97 g/mol. After obtaining the image of the map, a line of 0.3 mm was drawn at the centre of the bone crest, approximately 0.1 mm below the tip of the crest, in which the average concentrations of Ca and P were obtained. These averages were used to perform the calculation of the Ca/P ratios (Fig. 1). Data concerning the weight and diet of the rats showed non-normal distribution and were performed using non-parametric tests (Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney). No statistical adjustment was applied to the samples.