The phylogenetic tree was linearized assuming equal evolutionary rates in all lineages [37]. The evolutionary distances were computed using the Maximum Composite Likelihood method [34]. and are in the units of the number of base substitutions per site. It has been recently reported that strains 116 (ST9) and 3077 (ST17) specify an identical FnBPA A domain called isotype II [22]. In this study, these strains were found to specify different FnBPB A domains, isotypes II and VI respectively. This indicates that the phylogeny of fnbB alleles does not match that of fnbA alleles despite the two genes

being closely linked. FnBP isotypes encoded by bovine S. aureus strains We expanded the investigation into FnBP variation to include FnBPs from a variety of bovine S. aureus strains. Nineteen bovine isolates representing genetically

unrelated strains were screened to determine if they Nutlin-3 concentration specified the same FnBP isotypes as human strains. This www.selleckchem.com/products/Roscovitine.html strain collection included strain RF122, the genome of which has been sequenced [25]. RF122 contains only one fnb gene encoding FnBPA. DNA encoding fnbA was amplified from the genomic DNA of each strain using generic A domain primers. PCR products hybridised to FnBPA probes specific for isotypes I, II, III or IV. Similarly fnbB DNA was amplified by PCR from the genomic DNA of all strains except RF122. These PCR products hybridised to FnBPB probes specific for isotype I, II, III, IV or RG-7388 ic50 V. These results indicate that the FnBP isotypes which are expressed by human strains are also specified by bovine strains. Furthermore, the results of this study suggest that the Immune system lack of fnbB in

the genome of strain RF122 is not characteristic of all bovine strains. None of the strains tested specify FnBPA or FnBPB isotypes V, VI or VII. Figure 4 shows a neighbour-joining phylogenetic tree which was constructed based on MLST data as described above. The FnBPA and FnBPB A domain isotypes specified by each genotype are included. The distribution of fnbB and fnbA variants does not correlate with the genetic relatedness of the strains as determined by MLST. The phylogeny of fnb alleles carried by bovine S. aureus isolates is therefore very similar to that of human strains. Figure 4 Neighbour-joining tree based upon concatenated sequences of MLST alleles from bovine S. aureus strains. MLST allele sequences representing each bovine-specific strain studied here were used to generate a neighbour joining tree using MEGA 4. The A domain isotypes carried by strains of each MLST genotype, as determined by hybridization analysis, are indicated. A gene encoding FnBPB is absent from the genome of strain RF122 (ST155). The percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test (500 replicates) are shown next to the branches [36].