This yielded a sample of 1,337 adults. Measures Demographics Participants reported their sex (60% female), age selleck chemicals (mean = 38.1, range 33�C44), the number of children they had, and the highest level of education completed using 11 categorical educational response options. For analyses, educational attainment was dichotomized into less than a bachelor��s degree (62%) versus bachelor��s degree or higher (38%), and parent status was dichotomized into nonparents (those with zero children [18%]) versus parents (those with one or more children [82%]). Smoking Status Participants self-reported their smoking status. Those who smoked at least monthly (35%) were classified as current smokers. Of the current smokers, 70% were regular daily smokers who smoked at least 10 cigarettes/day, and 30% were nondaily smokers or those who smoked less than 10 cigarettes/day.

The regular smokers did not significantly differ from the light smokers in sex, age, parent status, explicit attitude toward smoking, and implicit attitude toward smoking (��2 and t tests, all p > .06). However, the light smokers had higher educational attainment, ��2(1) = 55.23, p < .001. Explicit Attitude Toward Smoking Participants reported their global attitude toward smoking using a semantic differential measure of smoking as ��nice versus awful,�� ��pleasant versus unpleasant,�� and ��fun versus not fun�� (Ajzen & Fishbein, 1970). This measure has been used at each wave of the Indiana University Smoking Survey and has successfully prospectively predicted smoking transitions (Chassin, Presson, Sherman, Corty, & Olshavsky, 1984), thus demonstrating its predictive validity.

Responses to the three items were averaged (�� = .90). The overall mean was 4.13 (SD = 0.93, range 1�C5). A higher value indicated a more negative attitude toward smoking. Implicit Attitude Toward Smoking Participants completed an implicit measure of attitude toward smoking using an IAT (Greenwald et al., 1998), which was administered online through Project Implicit��s Virtual Laboratory (Nosek, Greenwald, & Banaji, 2005). A complete description of this implicit attitude measure has been published elsewhere (Chassin et al., 2010). We calculated an IAT D score for each participant using a standard scoring algorithm (Greenwald, Nosek, & Banaji, 2003). The Carfilzomib overall mean IAT score in this sample was .014 (SD = 0.97, range ?3.52 to 2.45). A higher value indicated a more negative attitude toward smoking.