To get an accurate approximation of the enhancement factors, the neat Raman spectrum of benzene thiol was measured. For these measurements, the power of the 785 nm laser was 1 mW, the selleckchem accumulation time was 10 s, the spot size was 20 μm, and the depth of focus was 18 μm. Figure 3a shows the Raman spectra of the benzene thiol SAM on the optimal substrate (CW300; red), Klarite® substrate (green), and neat thiophenol (black), with everything being normalized to account for the accumulation time Natural Product Library and laser power. The number of molecules contributing to the Raman signal was quoted in

Figure 3a and was used for calculating EFs. The average EFs were calculated from the equation where I SERS and I Raman represent the normalized Raman intensity of SERS spectra and neat Raman spectrum of benzene thiol, Veliparib cell line respectively, which can be measured directly from the Raman spectra. N SERS and N Raman represent the numbers of molecules contributing to SERS signals and neat Raman signals of benzene thiol, respectively. N Raman is defined as follows: where ρ = 1.073 g/mL and MW = 110.18 g/mol are the density and molecular weight of benzene

thiol and V is the collection volume of the liquid sample monitor. N A  = Avogadro’s number. N SERS is defined as follows: where ρ surf is the surface coverage of benzene thiol on which has been reported as approximately 0.544 nmol/cm2, and S surf is the surface area irradiated by exciting the laser. To get an accurate and comparable estimation of the average enhancement factor, the Raman mode used for the calculation of the average EF must be selected carefully because the average EFs calculated from different Raman modes have a great deviation. For comparison, the three Raman modes associated with vibrations about the aromatic ring are presented in the inset of Figure 3a, and the average Clomifene EFs of optimal substrate (CW300) which are calculated based on the intensities of the modes at 998/cm (C-H wag), 1,021/cm

(C-C symmetric stretch), and 1,071/cm (C-C asymmetric stretch) are 2 × 108, 5 × 108, and 2 × 109, respectively. However, while the average EFs calculated were based on the neat benzene thiol dependent on the choice of Raman mode strongly, the relative Raman enhancement between our SERS substrates (including the Klarite® substrate) were found to be relatively independent on the choice of Raman mode used for comparison, as shown in Figure 3a. Here, the intensities of the peak found at 998/cm, with the carbon-hydrogen wagging mode which is the furthest mode removed from the gold surface, were used to compute the average EFs. And the average EF of the Klarite® substrate was calculated to be 5.2 × 106, which is reasonable because the enhancement factor for the inverted pyramid structure of Klarite® substrates relative to a non-enhancing surface is rated to have a lower bound of approximately 106.