We elected to isolate RNA from cultures at 3 and 6 hrs for transcriptome analysis because no significant difference in bacterial growth survival was noted at these time points (Figure 1). RNA was stabilized and extracted immediately and analyzed for differential gene expression

by hybridisation to a B. mallei/pseudomallei whole genome 70 mer oligonucleotide microarray version 2 (a kind gift from the J. Craig Venter Institute) which containing 9,826 reporters based on the B. mallei ATCC 23344, B. mallei GB8 Horse 4, B. pseudomallei 1710b and B. pseudomallei K96243 genome. Four biological replicates generated for each sample Caspase inhibitor clustered together indicating minimal experimental variation (Additional file 1). ANOVA statistical analysis and multiple mTOR inhibitor testing correction identified 10 genes as significantly altered in their transcription (Table 1). Among the salt-regulated

genes of B. pseudomallei identified in this study were a putative two-component selleck screening library system response regulator, bacterial metabolic enzymes, and hypothetical proteins. Fold changes of altered genes at both 3 and 6 hrs ranged from 1.1-1.8 and 1.1-26.6, respectively. Noticeably, a larger dynamic range of gene expression was observed after 6 hrs cultures, with the majority of the 10 genes being up-regulated. Table 1 Effect of NaCl treatment on transcription of B. pseudomallei K96243 genes as detected by microarray analysis. Putative function Gene Fold change P value     3 hrs 6 hrs   Formyltetrahydrofolate deformylase BPSL0543 1.3* -1.1 0.037 Putative adenylate cyclase BPSL3054 1.5* -1.0 0.038 Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase domain protein BPSS1272 1.0 4.4* 0.035 Hypothetical protein BPSS2215 -1.2 7.3* 0.038 Hypothetical protein BPSS2221 1.0 3.0* 0.037 Tyrosine-protein kinase BLK Response regulator BPSS2231 -1.4 6.4* 0.038 Hypothetical protein BPSS2232 1.1 26.6* 0.037 Hypothetical protein BPSS2240 -1.8 6.8* 0.038 Short chain dehydrogenase/oxidoreductase BPSS2242 1.0 10.0* 0.035 Glycosyltransferase family 9 protein BPSS2255 1.0 2.6* 0.037 * Genes showed mean significant differences comparing between standard LB medium (170 mM) and LB with 320 mM NaCl using ANOVA with a Benjamini-Hochberg multiple

testing correction (P value < 0.05). Due to the stringent statistic analysis by ANOVA and false discovery rate correction, it is possible that potentially significant trends were masked. Owing to the effect of salt on loci encoding T3SS in Pseudomonas, Yersinia and Salmonella, we examined the microarray data for effects on predicted Type III secretion-associated loci by only looking at the test ratio and standard deviation (SD) and computing a confidence of that data point using a standard two tailed t-test (Table 2). Interestingly, a number of bsa-derived T3SS genes were found to have altered expression levels during culture in LB broth containing 320 mM NaCl compared to standard LB at 3 hrs and 6 hrs (t-test; P value < 0.