While much of the basic research traditionally focused on “critical periods” of early development, attention has focused more recently on opportunities to selleck chemicals induce neuroplasticity in adulthood or during another critical period, the aging process. This the following site editorial will address different facets of neuroplasticity, the need for translational research to interpret neuroimaging Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical data thought to reflect neuroplasticity in the human brain, and in what conditions and when in aging and in a disease process should interventions that induce

neuroplasticity be targeted. Strategies to induce neuroplasticity The papers in this issue cover aging, as well as depression, dementia, and stroke, and include a range of interventions,

including manipulations in behavior (physical and cognitive activity/exercise), physiological factors (caloric restriction, cholesterol1-4), pharmacologic treatments (AMPA receptors5), manipulation of magnetic fields and electrical activity Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical (transcranial magnetic stimulation [TMS], magnetic seizure therapy [MST], and deep brain stimulation [DBS]6,7). Based on the data presented,6 the use of TMS alone or in combination with pharmacologic treatment has great promise in treating cognitive deficits post-stroke and in dementia. Interventions associated with neuroplasticity Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical that merit further preclinical and human study and that would have widespread applicability across neuropsychiatry conditions include epigenetic manipulations (histone deacelylase inhibitors), estrogen, and addressing neuroinflammatory processes.7,8-10 While there is a considerable focus on lifestyle and environmental Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical factors associated with enhancing neuroplasticity, there are also modifiable factors that inhibit neuroplasticity and should be a focus of investigation and treatment development, Inhibitors,research,lifescience,medical particularly stress.1-3 The important consideration of neurotransmitter interactions and the aging brain is discussed by Mora.3 Preclinical data demonstrate that regional

neurotransmitter interactions in functionally connected Carfilzomib systems (in this case, glutamate modulation of dopamine and GABA) may change as a function of age, particularly under conditions of stress. There are several important implications of this work. First, in the human brain, the modulation of glutamate in aging and neurodegenerative disease is not well understood, as glutamate has a role in the maintenance of cellular function, as well as cell death.11 Several glutamatergic transporters and receptors play a critical role in synaptic and dendritic plasticity.10 Secondly, the mechanism of action of psychotropic medications involves actions on the primary target, as well as on functionally linked neurotransmitters.