Additional regulatory elements that oversee production of PA23 antifungal metabolites include the PhzR/PhzI quorum-sensing (QS) circuit [11], the stationary phase sigma factor

RpoS [12], a regulator of find more RpoS called PsrA [13], and a global stress response system known as the stringent response [12]. Substantial interaction occurs between the regulators themselves, which adds to the complexity of the regulatory hierarchy [11–13]. Through transposon mutagenesis, a PA23 mutant was identified that exhibited a complete loss of antifungal activity, similar to what is observed for a gac mutant [4, 13]. Sequence analysis revealed that the interrupted gene, designated ptrA (Pseudomonas transcriptional regulator), encodes a protein Bcl-2 inhibitor belonging to the LysR-type transcriptional regulator (LTTR) family. LTTRs can act as either activators or repressors and are known to control a diverse range of metabolic functions including cell invasion and virulence, QS, oxidative stress, and amino acid metabolism [14]. Given the remarkably complex regulatory network that oversees the production of antifungal

compounds, the aim of the current study was to understand the global impact of the ptrA mutation on PA23 protein expression. Using the isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) technique, 59 proteins were found to be differentially expressed in the ptrA mutant compared to the wild type. Changes in protein expression GBA3 were confirmed by phenotypic assays that showed reduced phenazine and chitinase expression, elevated flagellar motility and siderophore production, as well as early entrance into the logarithmic growth phase. Results

and discussion Isolation of a Pseudomonas chlororaphis PA23 mutant deficient in antifungal learn more activity Approximately 4000 transconjugants were screened in radial diffusion plate assays to identify mutants displaying increased or decreased antifungal activity compared to the wild type. One mutant was identified, PA23-443, that exhibited no antifungal activity and was white in colour, indicating a loss of phenazine production [5] (Figures 1 and 2B). DNA flanking the Tn exhibited 89% identity at the amino acid level to a Pseudomonas fluorescens LTTR [Genbank: AAY90576]. The newly identified gene was designated ptrA. To verify that the phenotype of PA23-443 was due to ptrA inactivation, the ptrA gene was PCR amplified and cloned into pUCP22 for complementation. The presence of pUCP22-ptrA restored antifungal activity to that of the wild type (Figure 1). Figure 1 Antifungal activity of PA23 and derivative strains against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum . Note that the presence of plasmid-borne ptrA is able to restore antifungal activity in PA23-443. Figure 2 Phenazine production in PA23, PA23-443, and PA23-443 harboring ptrA in trans. Panel A. Color development of overnight cultures grown in M9 minimal media supplemented with 1 mm MgSO4 and 0.2% glucose.