The sample may be underpowered to resolve the nonreplication, and more work is needed to be done to resolve the results. In conclusion, our results provide further evidence that chromosome 20 harbors genetic www.selleckchem.com/products/U0126.html elements influencing ND. The comparison of our results with the literature supports the hypothesis that the locus has multiple mutant alleles influencing smoking behavior. Funding National Institutes of Health (DA12854 to P.A.F.M., DA024722 to S.F.S., DA019951 to M.L.P.); the Doctoral Programs of Public Health, University of Helsinki to U.B.; Helsinki Biomedical Graduate School to J.H.; Academy of Finland Postdoctoral Fellowship to A.L.; and the Center of Excellence in Complex Disease Genetics, Academy of Finland to J.K.

Declaration of Interests JK has served as a consultant to Pfizer in 2008 on pharmacogenetics of smoking cessation and has received a GRAND award funded by Pfizer Inc. UB has served as a consultant to Pfizer in 2008 on ND measurements. Supplementary Material Supplementary Figure 1 can be found online at http://www.ntr.oxfordjournals.org. Supplementary Data: Click here to view. Acknowledgments KK-V and JH contributed to the manuscript equally. The authors would like to thank the personnel of the FIMM Technology Center (Microsatellite Genotyping Group) for excellent technical assistance and to pay tribute to two recently deceased project collaborators, Professor Leena Peltonen and Dr. Richard D. Todd.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the fourth leading cause of mortality in the United States (Hurd, 2000). In 1996, 6.

0% of the United States population was estimated to have COPD (Mannino, 2002). The economic burden of COPD in the United States is calculated at greater than $14 billion and in 1998, was responsible for 14.2 million ambulatory visits to hospitals or physician offices (Mannino, 2002). However, this figure is likely to be higher now, as the prevalence of COPD in the United States has been increasing (Hurd, 2000; Mannino, Homa, Akinbami, Ford, & Redd, 2002). Understanding the key preventable risk factors for COPD is therefore essential to reducing the impact of this disease on the community. Cigarette smoking is known to be the single most important preventable risk factor for COPD (Mannino, 2002; Mannino et al., 2002). In recent years, there has been growing interest in the relationship between mental disorders and COPD among adults.

Several epidemiologic and clinical studies have found high rates of mood and anxiety disorders among adults with COPD (Di Marco et al., 2006; Goodwin, Chuang, Simuro, Davies, & Pine, 2007; Janson, Bjornsson, Hetta, & Boman, 1994; Karajgi, Rifkin, Doddi, & Kolli, 1990; Light, Merrill, Despars, Gordon, & Mutalipassi, 1985; van Manen GSK-3 et al., 2002; Yellowlees, Alpers, Bowden, Bryant, & Ruffin, 1987; Yohannes, Baldwin, & Connolly, 2000).