5%), and at delivery 84 (8.8%) of the participants achieved validated cessation. Table 1. Participant Characteristics for Cessation inhibitor Carfilzomib at 1 Month and Delivery Factors Associated With Smoking Cessation at 1 Month At 1 month, in the univariate analysis, women who finished full time education when they were >16 years had greater odds of cessation; women who had a higher baseline cotinine levels, and those who were recruited from trial site 4, were found to have lower odds of cessation (Table 2). The final multivariable model shows which baseline variables were independently associated with validated cessation at 1 month. Women who were aged >16 years when they finished full time education (odds ratio [OR] = 1.82, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.24�C2.67, p = .002) had significantly increased odds of achieving validated cessation.

Participants who had a higher baseline cotinine (OR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.91�C0.96, p < .001 for a 10ng/ml increase) had significantly lower odds of cessation at 1 month after quit date. The effect of trial recruitment site 4 did not remain significant when added to the multivariable model (OR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.36�C1.34, p = .277). Table 2. Univariate and Multivariate Associations With Validated Cessation at 1 Month Factors Associated With Smoking Cessation at Delivery Table 3 shows the univariable and multivariable associations with validated cessation at delivery; the univariable results found women who finished full time education at >16 years and had lower baseline cotinine levels had increased odds of cessation and those with higher baseline cotinine levels had lower odds of cessation.

In the final multivariable model, women who continued school beyond the compulsory minimum age (16 years) were more likely to stop smoking (OR = 1.89, 95% CI = 1.16�C3.07, p = .010) and women with a higher baseline cotinine level were less likely to achieve cessation (OR = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.92�C0.99, p < .010). Table 3. Univariate and Multivariate Associations With Validated Cessation at Delivery DISCUSSION Main Findings We found that, among participants in a trial of transdermal nicotine patches in pregnancy, smoking cessation of 1-month duration and also until delivery were positively associated with finishing full time education beyond the compulsory age of 16 years and negatively associated with baseline cotinine levels.

Leaving school at 16 years is a marker of social disadvantage and also an indicator of lower socioeconomic status, which is associated with decreased probability of quitting. Strengths and Limitations The main limitation of this study was that a relatively restricted variety of variables were collected in the trial; in particular, there were few Cilengitide behavioral or socioeconomic measures, which, in some studies have been shown to influence cessation (Schneider et al., 2010). It also remains possible that differences in cessation rates observed in early and late pregnancy might be explained by unmeasured factors.