It is safe to say that there is no consensus regarding the optimal choice PFT�� ic50 of method

when one considers additionally the prediction of energies for electronically distinct states of the same species, such as those arising from different electronic configurations of a metal center, from a different distribution of oxidation states within a metal cluster, or even from the interplay between metal-centered and ligand-centered redox processes. When these factors come into play, the error margin can easily exceed by far the optimistic range mentioned earlier. Nevertheless, even if the estimated errors may be already too large for quantitative predictions in cases of small activation energies such as those observed during the catalytic cycle of the OEC (Sproviero et al. 2007), the simulation of reaction pathways is a fundamentally important application of DFT. A representative example that stands out in the field of photosynthesis research is the systematic work that has been focused on elucidating mechanistic aspects in the catalytic cycle of OEC (Lundberg and Siegbahn 2004; Siegbahn 2006a, 2008a, b; Sproviero et al. 2008a,

b). This line of work demonstrates that DFT calculations can offer significant input to mechanistic investigations, Blasticidin S molecular weight sometimes revealing possibilities that were not previously considered. It should be kept in mind, however, that a reaction mechanism predicted by DFT cannot be validated on the basis of computed energies alone, especially when the structure of the principal component is itself debatable. All such efforts should attempt to combine and incorporate many lines of evidence, taking into account additional criteria such as the spectroscopic properties

of the putative intermediates. Vibrational frequencies Closely connected in research practice to the procedure of structural optimization is the calculation of vibrational frequencies. They are used not only for simulating Tariquidar infrared (IR) or Raman spectra but Methocarbamol also for characterizing the nature of stationary points as minima or transition states. Moreover, the information obtained from such a calculation is used to compute statistical thermodynamic corrections to the electronic energy and thus to make direct comparisons with experimentally determined free energies. It is well established that the predicted harmonic frequencies with GGA functionals such as BP86 and PBE typically agree well with measured vibrational fundamentals if basis sets of polarized triple-ζ quality are used (Murray et al. 1992; Sosa et al. 1992; Stratmann et al. 1997).

Array hybridization results are presented as Additional file 1 and are deposited in GEO database http://​www.​ncbi.​nlm.​nih.​gov/​projects/​geo/​ under GSE12238 accession number. Results and Discussion General trends in selleck chemical transcription After determining transcript levels for all probe sets, the 1,994 transcripts were grouped into 15 clusters based on their behavior during growth (Figure PX-478 solubility dmso 2) (self organizing map algorithm; Array Assist 5.1.0 package, Stratagene). The clusters were grouped into five main categories. The first 3 categories contain genes whose transcription did not correspond to growth phase,

and were either expressed at low (cluster 0), medium (clusters 6, 7), or high (clusters 8, 9) levels in all phases of growth. Category 4 genes (clusters 1–4) exhibited increased transcription in ES or S phase, and category 5 genes (clusters 5, 10–14) had

transcription levels that peaked in ML phase and decreased into S phase. Selleckchem Captisol Figure 2 Grouping of S. agalactiae transcripts into distinct 15 clusters based on expression profiles from ML to S growth phases. The dendrogram and clusters were generated using a self organizing map algorithm and represent changes in expression of 1,994 transcripts at four consecutive time points: ML, LL, ES, and S phases. Cluster 0 genes had low level of transcription. Clusters 1–4 genes positively correlated with stationary phase of growth transcription level and peaked in the ES (clusters 1 and 2) or S (clusters 3 and 4) phase of growth. Clusters 5 and 10–14 are negatively correlated with the S phase of growth; transcription of genes grouped in these clusters reached their peak in ML phase and decreased in S phase. Genes in clusters 6–9 are Metalloexopeptidase expressed relatively steadily during growth although at various levels of expression, ranging from very high (cluster 9) to mid-low (cluster 6). The black horizontal line on the cluster graphs represents average transcription level

of the complete dataset. The transcript level in each cluster is plotted using a logarithmic scale. Number of transcripts in clusters: Cluster 0, 440; Cluster 1, 115; Cluster 2, 106; Cluster 3, 42; Cluster 4, 47; Cluster 5, 175; Cluster 6, 140; Cluster 7, 100; Cluster 8, 66; Cluster 9, 26; Cluster 10, 183; Cluster 11, 173; Cluster 12, 185; Cluster 13, 89; Cluster 14, 107. Genes exhibiting growth phase-independent transcription Genes in clusters 6, 7, 8, and 9 did not show growth phase-dependent transcriptional regulation. The genes are clustered instead based on their transcript level and general profile. Clusters 6 and 7 contain genes that are expressed at the same level until ES phase to slightly lower expression in S phase. Clusters 8 and 9 contain genes, which the transcript level is steady or slightly increases over time.

Apoptosis 2007,12(5):1011–1023.PubMedCrossRef 65. Fabrizio P, Battistella

L, Vardavas R, Gattazzo C, Liou LL, Diaspro A, Dossen JW, Gralla EB, Longo VD: Superoxide is a mediator of an altruistic aging program in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. J Cell Biol 2004,166(7):1055–1067.PubMedCrossRef selleck chemicals 66. Festjens N, Vanden Berghe T, Vandenabeele P: Necrosis, a well-orchestrated form of cell demise: signalling cascades, selleck inhibitor important mediators and concomitant immune response. Biochim Biophys Acta 2006,1757(9–10):1371–1387.PubMed 67. Mollinedo F, Gajate C: Lipid rafts and clusters of apoptotic signaling molecule-enriched rafts in cancer therapy. Future Oncol 2010,6(5):811–821.PubMedCrossRef 68. Gajate C, Mollinedo

F: The antitumor ether lipid ET-18-OCH(3) induces apoptosis through translocation and capping of Fas/CD95 into membrane rafts in human leukemic cells. Blood 2001,98(13):3860–3863.PubMedCrossRef 69. Ayllon V, Fleischer A, Cayla X, Garcia A, Rebollo A: Segregation of Bad from lipid rafts is implicated in the induction of apoptosis. J Immunol 2002,168(7):3387–3393.PubMed 70. Thomas BJ, Rothstein R: Elevated recombination rates in transcriptionally active DNA. Cell 1989,56(4):619–630.PubMedCrossRef 71. Sherman F: Getting started with yeast. Methods Enzymol. 2002, 350:3–41. 72. Guaragnella N, Pereira C, Sousa MJ, Antonacci L, Passarella S, Corte-Real M, Selleckchem Torin 2 Marra E, Giannattasio S: YCA1 participates in the acetic acid induced yeast programmed cell death also in a manner unrelated to its caspase-like activity. FEBS Lett 2006,580(30):6880–6884.PubMedCrossRef Authors’ contributions JT and FF-O carried out the experimental studies, having contributed 75% and 25% respectively. CF supervised JT and FF-O and checked the data. JT and CF wrote this manuscript. CL revised the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.”
“Background Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and

hypochlorous acid (HOCl) are reactive oxygen species that are part of the oxidative burst encountered by S. Typhimurium upon internalization by phagocytic cells. Under acidic conditions, such as those found inside the Methane monooxygenase phagosome, H2O2 is generated spontaneously by the reaction of two superoxide anion (O2 −) molecules [1]. Moreover, S. Typhimurium encodes both periplasmic and cytoplasmic superoxide dismutases that catalyze O2 − dismutation to generate H2O2 and molecular oxygen [2–4]. HOCl is produced by the action of myeloperoxidase (MPO) in a reaction that depends on H2O2, Cl−and acidic conditions [5, 6]. Taken together, H2O2 and HOCl react with thiol and heme groups, copper and iron salts generating the reactive hydroxyl radical (OH.). As a consequence, they produce lipid peroxidation, chlorination of tyrosine residues, oxidation of iron centers, protein cross linking and DNA damage [5–8].

We demonstrated that these particular flavors in AMC/DCBA lozenges were liked by a majority of children within this study. A previous

study conducted in children aged 4–7 years found that sweetness was the most important flavor characteristic for a medication, together with the effective masking of any bitter taste of PLX3397 the active ingredients [32]. In addition, red fruit (strawberry/raspberry) flavor was found to be the most acceptable to children and although the majority readily accepted citrus flavors, they did not prefer them. Citrus flavor was preferred to banana flavor by fewer children when compared with formulations containing calcium and vitamin D3 [24]. Therefore, in our study, the sourness of the flavor may have been a factor, with the lower absolute palatability of the orange-flavored lozenge being in line with the major dislike reported in this study. The buy P005091 open-label, uncontrolled design of the study was appropriate given that the objective was to investigate absolute rather than comparative acceptability of the samples. The order in which the samples were tasted was not randomized because of the possibility that the menthol in the orange-flavored

lozenge could carry over and affect the taste of the strawberry-flavored lozenge, as menthol in lozenges CAL-101 in vivo has been demonstrated to exert effects that are still experienced 30 minutes after consumption [33]. Therefore, the strawberry-flavored lozenge was taken before the orange-flavored lozenge. A potential limitation of this study is that it was conducted in healthy children, and thus the results may not necessarily be translated directly to children with acute sore throat, whose perceptions

of flavor may be affected by symptoms of a cold [34]. However, since the main purpose of this study was to evaluate the general acceptability of the two flavored lozenges L-NAME HCl in absolute rather than comparative terms, and the impact of symptoms of a cold on perception of flavor may differ between subjects, the inclusion of healthy children in this study is considered reasonable. Future work may be warranted involving children with symptoms of upper respiratory tract infection/sore throat. It is also possible that the order in which the lozenges were tasted (strawberry then orange) had a bearing on the vocabulary used in the responses given to the question asking what the subjects disliked about the flavor. After being asked general questions about what they liked/disliked about the strawberry lozenge, subjects were then asked more specific questions such as “Do you think it tasted sour [like a lemon]?”. The subjects then tasted the orange-flavored lozenge and were asked the same questions in the same order.

Consequently, Quisinostat Performance was significantly improved and results GS-1101 in vivo of this study [18] suggested an enhanced reliance on both intra- and extramuscular fat oxidation. Another possible mechanism through which caffeine may improve endurance performance is by increasing the secretion of β-endorphins. Laurent et al. [20] demonstrated that when compared to the placebo group caffeine consumption (6 mg/kg) significantly

increased plasma β-endorphin concentrations following two hours of cycling at 65% VO2peak and a subsequent bout of high intensity sprint activity. It has been established that plasma endorphin concentrations are enhanced during exercise and their analgesic properties may lead to a decrease in pain perception [21]. Research has also demonstrated that caffeine may result in alterations of neuromuscular function and/or skeletal muscular contraction [22, 23]. For example, Kalmar and Cafarelli [22] indicated a moderate dose of caffeine

(6 mg/kg) significantly enhanced both isometric leg extension strength as well as the time to fatigue during a submaximal isometric leg extension. Caffeine consumption also promotes a significant thermogenic response. In fact, caffeine consumption at a dose of 100 mg resulted in a significant thermogenic effect despite the fact that subjects in that particular investigation had a habitual caffeine intake of 100-200 mg per day [24]. The increase in energy expenditure subsequent to caffeine ingestion Megestrol Acetate had not returned to baseline 3 hours post-consumption. Overall, the findings of research studies involving caffeine

Roscovitine order supplementation and physical performance indicate a combined effect on both the central and peripheral systems. Therefore, it is possible that caffeine acts on the central nervous system as an adenosine antagonist, but may also have an effect on substrate metabolism and neuromuscular function. Research in all areas of caffeine supplementation continues to emerge and it is necessary to understand that as a supplement, caffeine has wide ranging physiological effects on the body that may or may not result in an enhancement in performance. Caffeine supplementation can improve sport performance but this is dependent upon various factors including, but not limited to, the condition of the athlete, exercise (i.e. mode, intensity, duration) and dose of caffeine. Caffeine and Cognitive Performance Caffeine has been shown to enhance several different modes of exercise performance including endurance [8, 16, 25–28], high-intensity team sport activity [29–34], and strength-power performance [30, 35]. Additionally, the use of caffeine has also been studied for its contribution to special force operations, which routinely require military personnel to undergo periods of sustained vigilance and wakefulness. In a series of investigations, McLellan et al.

In mammalian cells, apoptosis can be induced via two major pathways. First, the death receptor pathway (extrinsic pathway), which is triggered by binding Fas ligand (FasL) to Fas (CD95) with subsequent activation

of caspase-8, which in turn activates the effectors caspases 3, 6, 7 [9–12]. This pathway is considered an important apoptotic system in cancer [13] because FasL is one of the effector molecules of cytotoxic T cells. The second apoptosis pathway (the intrinsic pathway) is induced by mitochondria in response to DNA damage, oxidative stress and viral proteins [5]. Mitochondria-dependent apoptosis is amplified by pro-apoptotic genes (Bax, Bad, Bak and others) whereas molecules like Bcl-2 or Bcl-xL act as anti-apoptotic. These proteins converge at #Ilomastat randurls[1|1|,|CHEM1|]# the mitochondrial permeability transition pore that regulates the release of apoptotic regulatory proteins, such as procaspase-9, and cytochrome C [14]. There Selleckchem Temsirolimus have been many studies indicating that apoptosis of hepatocytes plays a significant

role in the pathogenesis of HCV infection [15], although various apoptotic pathways were proposed [16]. For example, many studies demonstrated that HCV core protein suppresses apoptosis mediated by cisplatin, c-myc, TNF-α, or the Fas signaling pathway [17], whereas others showed that the core protein sensitizes Fas, TNFα, or serum starvation-induced apoptosis [18]. The precise mechanisms for the involvement of the HCV core protein on the apoptotic pathways are not fully understood. For example, core protein-dependent inhibition of TNF-α and CD95 ligand-induced apoptosis has been described in a hepatoma cell line [19, 20]. In other models, overexpressed HCV core protein did not prevent CD95 ligand induced apoptosis in hepatoma cells or transgenic mice overexpressing HCV core protein [17, 21].

Until recently, the lack of an infectious HCV tissue culture system did not allow to study the impact of HCV infection on hepatocyte apoptosis [22]. The present study was performed to determine the changes in apoptotic machinery accompanying HCV infection both in vitro and in vivo. For the in vitro study, we developed a HCV PAK6 replication system in HepG2 cell line, which may reflect to some extent the in vivo situation. Successful infection and propagation of the virus was assessed by detection of HCV-RNA using nested RT-PCR with specific primers, detection of increased titer by real time PCR, and virus passage to naïve cells. The HCV-HepG2 cell line was then used to study the long term effect of HCV infection on the apoptosis regulatory genes (Fas, FasL, Bak, Bcl-2, and Bcl-xL). This was correlated with the apoptotic activity in the cells by determining the expression levels of caspases 3, 8, and 9. We further assessed protein expression and mRNA levels of the same group of genes in liver tissues tissue samples obtained from patients with chronic hepatitis (CH) and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

All included participants were registered IPs working within the

Netherlands. The experience of the study participants as insurance physicians varied between 7 and 33 years. Results of the preliminary rounds From a total of 56 factors, 32 factors were agreed upon by at least 80 % of the participants. The qualitative analysis of the new factors included by the participants generated 35 additional factors. In the second preliminary round, the 35 new factors were returned to the EGFR activation participants who were then asked to choose those factors that are important for RTW. More than 80 % of the panellists found 22 of the new factors important. The GSK2126458 result of the two preliminary rounds was a list of 54 factors. Results of the main rounds First main round: From among 54 factors, 22 relevant factors for RTW for the assessment of work ability were mentioned by at least 80 % of the participants. See Appendix 2 and 3 for factors that either hinder or promote RTW of long-term sick-listed employees. Second main round: More than 55 % of the participants determined that nine of the 22 relevant factors should be a part of the work ability assessment of employees on sick leave. See Table 1 for the 9 relevant factors determined to be important for the assessment of work ability. Table 1 Factors that should be

included in the assessment of the work ability of employees on long-term sick leave according insurance physicians Factors that promote RTW (%) Factors that hinder RTW (%) Motivation of sick-listed employee to RTW

79 Secondary selleck gain from illness 76 Positive attitude of employee towards resuming work 75 Inefficient coping style 70 Providing RTW vocational rehabilitation as soon as possible 70 Incorrect advice of treating from physicians regarding RTW 69 Assessment of cognitions and behaviour 64 Negative illness perceptions 57 Teaching the sick-listed employee to cope with his/her disabilities 60     Discussion Summary of main findings Insurance physicians reached a consensus on nine relevant factors for RTW that must be taken into account in the assessment of the work ability of employees on long-term sick leave: work motivation, attitude towards RTW, changing inadequate cognitions and behaviour, early vocational rehabilitation, learning how to cope with disabilities, secondary gain from illness, negative illness perceptions, inefficient coping style and incorrect advice of treating physicians regarding RTW. Our findings point to the importance of obtaining a complete picture of the situation of employees on long-term sick leave during the period of work ability assessment. This result implies that, in addition to an understanding of the medical condition, information about non-medical factors is necessary for a proper assessment of the work ability of employees on long-term sick leave.

Gibberellins producing fungal genes cluster have been recently identified for Phaeosphaeria sp. L487 [37], Gibberella fujikuroi, Sphaceloma manihoticola[38] etc. Previous studies have shown that Penicillium citrinum[39], P. paxilli[40], P. funiculosum[17] produces gibberellins. It suggests the existence of GAs gene cluster in Penicillium spp.; hence, needs further genomic analyses at transcriptomics

levels. In endophyte-host symbioses, consequences and SHP099 in vivo interaction of secondary metabolites may be a contribution of the fungal endophyte to its host-plant to establish a mutualistic relationship [32, 41]. Though, this process is very slow and the quantities of metabolites are very minute depending upon host and endophyte, but one way or the other, this barter trade always supports the

host to counteract stress periods. The phytohormones synthesis potential gives additional benefits to the host plants in mitigating the adverse affects of extreme environmental conditions salinity, drought and temperature stress as shown by Redman et al. [16], Khan et al. [17] and Hamilton and Bauerle [31]. Plants treated with the culture filtrate and propagules of endophytes are often healthier than endophyte-free ones [19, 32]. Indeed, the endophyte-associations have enhanced biomass of barley [16], tomato [15], soybean [17] and rice [16] plants under various abiotic stress conditions like salinity, drought and high temperature.

Pepper plants are adversely affected by abiotic stresses which retard their yield. It was observed that P. resedanum selleck chemicals -associated plants had higher shoot length, chlorophyll content, and photosynthesis rate and low electrolytic leakages as compared to non-inoculated control. The non-inoculated plants, on the PD184352 (CI-1040) other hand, deprived of such association results in retarded growth and metabolism whilst they loss high plant biomass. This is also in conformity with the findings of Hamilton et al. [18] and Hamilton and Bauerle [31]. ROS generation and oxidative stress modulation It was found that the activities of antioxidants and related enzymes were significantly higher in endophyte-associated plants under osmotic imbalance induced ROS generation. With or without osmotic stress, endophyte elicitation has significantly regulated the SAR302503 in vitro antioxidant activities as compared to control and sole SA treated plants. It was shown that the responses of ROS generation and antioxidant signaling were similar to the effects caused by pathogenic and mutualistic microorganisms [42]. As both are different forms of consortiums however, higher antioxidant generation can improve plant defenses against disease and abiotic stress conditions. This was further elucidated by White and Torres [42] and Hamilton et al. [18]. Stress oriented ROS generations are minimized by the antioxidant and related enzymes production insides host-cells.

Curr Opin Microbiol 2007, 10:76–81.PubMedCrossRef 16. Malfertheiner P, Sipponen P, Naumann M, Moayyedi P, Megraud F, Xiao SD, Sugano K, Nyren O: Helicobacter Selleck OSI-027 pylori eradication has the potential to prevent gastric cancer: a state-of-the-art critique. Am J Gastroenterol 2005, 100:2100–2115.PubMedCrossRef 17. Teitelbaum JE, Triantafyllopoulou M: Inflammatory bowel disease and Streptococcus bovis. Dig Dis Sci 2006, 51:1439–1442.PubMedCrossRef 18.

Shanahan F: Probiotics in inflammatory bowel disease–therapeutic rationale and role. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2004, 56:809–818.PubMedCrossRef 19. Ekbom A, Helmick C, Zack M, Adami HO: Increased risk of large-bowel cancer in Crohn’s disease with colonic involvement. Lancet 1990, 336:357–359.PubMedCrossRef 20. Gilbert JM, Mann CV, Scholefield J, Domizio P: The aetiology and surgery of carcinoma of the anus, rectum and sigmoid colon in Crohn’s disease. Negative correlation with human papillomavirus type 16 (HPV 16). Eur J Surg Oncol 1991, 17:507–513.PubMed 21. Chao C, Hellmich MR: Gastrin, inflammation, and carcinogenesis. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2010, 17:33–39.PubMed 22. Hewitson P, Glasziou P, Watson E, Towler B, Irwig L: Cochrane systematic review of colorectal cancer screening using the fecal occult blood test (hemoccult): an update. BTSA1 molecular weight Am J Gastroenterol 2008, 103:1541–1549.PubMedCrossRef

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colorectal cancer. Surg Clin North Am 2002, 82:905–941.PubMedCrossRef 25. Parkin DM, Bray F, Ferlay J, Pisani P: Global cancer statistics, 2002. CA Cancer J Clin 2005, 55:74–108.PubMedCrossRef 26. Miki C, Tanaka K, Toiyama Y, Inoue Y, Uchida K, Mohri Y, Kusunoki M: Comparison of the prognostic value of inflammation-based pathologic and biochemical criteria in patients undergoing potentially curative resection for colorectal cancer. Ann Surg 2010, 251:389–390. author reply 390–381PubMedCrossRef 27. Balkwill F, Mantovani A: Cancer and inflammation: implications for pharmacology and therapeutics. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2010, 87:401–406.PubMedCrossRef 28. Choi PM, Zelig MP: Similarity aminophylline of colorectal cancer in Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis: implications for carcinogenesis and prevention. Gut 1994, 35:950–954.PubMedCrossRef 29. Wang D, Dubois RN: The role of COX-2 in intestinal inflammation and colorectal cancer. Oncogene 2010, 29:781–788.PubMedCrossRef 30. Mager DL: Bacteria and cancer: cause, coincidence or cure? A review. J Transl Med 2006, 4:14.PubMedCrossRef 31. Killeen SD, Wang JH, Andrews EJ, Redmond HP: Bacterial endotoxin enhances colorectal cancer cell adhesion and invasion through TLR-4 and NF-kappaB-dependent activation of the urokinase plasminogen activator system. Br J Cancer 2009, 100:1589–1602.PubMedCrossRef 32.

Other sources such as a decrease in intracellular pH, lactate accumulation and sarcomere disruption can also contribute to RT induced ROS production [4, 2]. It has been suggested that a supplementation regime of antioxidants could reinforce the body’s endogenous antioxidant system providing a means of blunting exercise induced see more ROS molecules [15, 16]. Several studies have demonstrated that AOX supplementation can minimise damage to cellular structures caused by RT [8, 17] and also help maintain muscular force [18] during isometric maximal contractions. However, there are also

a number of studies that have found no benefit of AOX supplementation on markers of oxidative stress or performance [19–21]. Differing exercise protocols, subjects and types/amounts of AOX supplements used, have been suggested as the cause of the inconsistency between findings click here [21]. It appears that RT protocols employing a higher volume and intensity invokes the greatest oxidative stress

response, while there is some support for the effectiveness of Vitamins C and E and flavonoid supplements at attenuating acute muscle injury in untrained individuals [21]. Most AOX studies have focused on the effects of vitamin C and/or E supplementation to attenuate the oxidative stress caused by RT [8, 18–20]. There has been little focus on plant polyphenols, which have potent antioxidants qualities [22, 23]. Pycnogenol (PYC) is a particularly effective antioxidant polyphenol, comprised of several proanthocyanidins and phenolic acids and has been shown to blunt elevated ROS [24, 25], increase growth hormone (GH) secretion [26] and stimulate muscle blood flow [27]. It has also previously been shown that the supplement Lactaway©, containing PYC, acutely improves endurance cycle performance without improving

AOX capacity [28, 29]. There are no studies that have yet assessed the effects of Lactaway© containing PYC on RT performance and the associated bio-molecular responses. Hence, this study aimed to assess the effect of a PYC mixture, on performance during lower limb ‘hypertrophic’ RT (HRT) and Molecular motor the resulting acute endocrine, physiological and oxidative stress response. Methods Subjects Fifteen healthy subjects volunteered to www.selleckchem.com/products/VX-680(MK-0457).html participate in the study (age 23 ± 4 yr: body mass 86 ± 6 kg: height 179.4 ± 6.1 cm). Each subject had been resistance training for a minimum of 2 yr prior to recruitment for the study. All the subjects were familiar with the back squat exercise (BS) and could perform the activity satisfactorily from a technique perspective. Assessment was carried out by the primary researcher who was a certified strength and conditioning coach. Each subject completed a consent form and pre activity screening questionnaire to identify any musculoskeletal and orthopaedic problems that could affect performance of the exercise.