0001). MIS patients LY3023414 mouse left the hospital an average of 4 days earlier than the open PLIF patients,

most discharged home (92.5% XLIF vs. 0% PLIF) rather than to skilled nursing facilities. Six deaths occurred in the PLIF follow-up, 3 within 3 months postoperatively; there was 1 death at 6 months postoperatively XLIF.

Conclusion. Surgical treatment need not be withheld on the basis of age; elderly patients can successfully be treated using MIS techniques, and are in our experience among the most satisfied with their outcomes, enjoying significant improvements in pain, mobility, and quality of life.”
“Poly(etherimide)s (PEIs) with different chemical structures were synthesized and characterized, which were employed to toughen epoxy resins (EP/PEI) and carbon fiber-reinforced epoxy composites (CF/EP/PEI). Experimental results revealed that the introduction of the fluorinated groups buy NU7026 and meta linkages could help to improve the melt processability of EP/PEI resins. The EP/PEI resins showed obviously improved mechanical properties including tensile strength of 89.2 MPa, elongation at break of 4.7% and flexural strength of 144.2 MPa, and good thermal properties including glass transition temperature (T-g) of 211 degrees C and initial decomposition temperature (T-d) of 366 degrees C. Moreover, CF/EP/PEI-1 and CF/EP/PEI-4

composites showed significantly improved toughness with impact toughness of 13.8 and 15.5 J/cm(2), respectively. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 119: 3162-3169, 2011″
“Following inoculation with the anthracnose pathogen Colletotrichum sublineolum, seedlings of the sorghum resistant cultivar SC748-5 showed more rapid and elevated accumulation of luteolin than the susceptible cultivar BTx623. On the other hand, apigenin was the major

flavone detected in infected BTx623 seedlings. Luteolin was demonstrated to show stronger inhibition of spore germination of C. sublineolum than apigenin. Because of their pathogen-inducible and antifungal nature, both flavone aglycones are considered sorghum phytoalexins. The key enzyme responsible for flavone biosynthesis has not been characterized in monocots. Compound C A sorghum pathogen-inducible gene encoding a cytochrome P450 protein (CYP93G3) in the uncharacterized CYP93G subfamily was identified. Transgenic expression of the P450 gene in Arabidopsis demonstrated that the encoded protein is a functional flavone synthase (FNS) II in planta. The sorghum gene was then termed SbFNSII. It is a single-copy gene located on chromosome 2 and the first FNSII gene characterized in a monocot. Metabolite analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in precursor ion scan mode revealed the accumulation of 2-hydroxynaringenin and 2-hydroxyeriodictyol hexosides in the transgenic Arabidopsis plants.

ResultsSimilar to two population-based GWAS, the peak association with total serum IgE was observed for SNPs rs2511211, rs2427837, and rs2251746 (mean r(2)>0.8), with the lowest p-value of 4.37×10(-6). The same 3 polymorphisms showed the strongest association in non-asthmatics

(lowest p=0.0003). While these polymorphisms were also associated with total serum IgE in asthmatics (lowest p=0.003), additional polymorphisms (rs3845625, rs7522607, and rs2427829) demonstrated associations with total serum IgE in asthmatics only (lowest p=0.01).

ConclusionsThese data suggest that FCER1A polymorphisms not only drive IgE levels in the general population but that specific polymorphisms may also influence IgE in association with asthma, suggesting that disease-specific mechanisms LY2157299 mw in IgE regulation exist.”
“Objective: To review the recent evidence that has emerged supporting the role of bone as an endocrine organ.

Methods: This review will detail how bone has emerged as a bona fide endocrine “”gland,”" and with that, the potential therapeutic implications that could be realized for this hormone-secreting tissue by detailing the evidence in the literature supporting this view.

Results: The recent advances point

to the skeleton as an endocrine organ that modulates glucose tolerance and testosterone production by secretion of the bone-specific protein osteocalcin.

Conclusions: Bone has classically been viewed as an inert structure that is necessary for mobility, calcium homeostasis, Selleckchem MAPK inhibitor and maintenance of the hematopoietic niche. Recent advances in bone biology using complex genetic manipulations in mice have highlighted the importance of bone not only as a structural scaffold to support the human body, but also as a regulator of a number of metabolic processes that are independent of mineral metabolism. (Endocr Pract. 2012;18:758-762)”
“Vasculature

geometry reconstruction from volumetric medical data is a crucial task in the development of computer guided minimally invasive vascular surgery systems. In this paper, a technique for reconstructing the geometry of vasculatures using bivariate implicit splines is developed. With the proposed technique, an implicit geometry representation of the vascular tree can be accurately constructed based on the voxels extracted directly from the surface of a certain vascular structure in a given volumetric PD0325901 manufacturer medical dataset. Experimental results show that the geometric representation built using our method can faithfully represent the morphology and topology of vascular structures. In addition, both the qualitative and the quantitative validations have been performed to show that the reconstructed vessel geometry is of high accuracy and smoothness. An virtual angioscopy system has been implemented to indicate one of the strengths of our proposed method.”
“Tricuspid valve regurgitation (TR) remains an obstacle for staged palliation of hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS).

Prepregs were B-staged for about 3%. The cure characterization, T(g) and flow behavior were evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry and rheological analysis. Results showed that increasing the rubber content caused the following effects: (a) delay in gel time of prepregs, (b) increase in activation energy of prepregs, and (c) decrease in total heat of curing reaction. It is interesting that NBR increased the tack of epoxy/glass prepreg but, had no effect on its resin flow behavior. (C) 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 123:

1597-1603, 2012″
“Central nervous system (CNS) involvement is a serious, ABT-263 Apoptosis inhibitor and frequently fatal, complication of acute leukemias and very aggressive lymphomas. In patients with no evidence of CNS involvement at the time of diagnosis, the decision to include CNS prophylaxis in the treatment regimen 3-MA supplier should be based on cytologic diagnosis and other risk factors. Patients

with a risk of CNS relapse greater than 10% should receive CNS prophylaxis with high-dose systemic chemotherapy, intrathecal therapy, radiation, or a combination thereof. The most commonly used systemic and intrathecal chemotherapies are methotrexate and cytarabine. Liposomal cytarabine, which increases CNS bioavailability and decreases the number of lumbar punctures needed, is our preference for intrathecal therapy. We usually reserve radiation therapy for patients who may not tolerate other forms CAL-101 clinical trial of CNS prophylaxis. Patients with evidence of CNS involvement, either at diagnosis or relapse, should be treated until CNS disease clearance or dose-limiting toxicity is reached. Recent studies suggest that autologous stem cell transplantation may offer longer survivals for patients with CNS involvement and should be considered for patients who can tolerate the procedure. The use of rituximab in CNS prophylaxis and treatment has not yet been clearly delineated, but initial reports indicate that this agent and others may soon be available as an effective and tolerable CNS-directed therapy for lymphomas.”
“The role of root systems in drought tolerance is a subject of very limited information compared with above-ground responses.

Adjustments to the ability of roots to supply water relative to shoot transpiration demand is proposed as a major means for woody perennial plants to tolerate drought, and is often expressed as changes in the ratios of leaf to root area (A(L):A(R)). Seasonal root proliferation in a directed manner could increase the water supply function of roots independent of total root area (A(R)) and represents a mechanism whereby water supply to demand could be increased. To address this issue, seasonal root proliferation, stomatal conductance (g(s)) and whole root system hydraulic conductance (k(r)) were investigated for a drought-tolerant grape root system (Vitis berlandierixV. rupestris cv. 1103P) and a non-drought-tolerant root system (Vitis ripariaxV. rupestris cv.

There are no differences between megakaryocyte quantification. Although there is no correlation between reticulated platelet values and megakaryocyte in bone marrow cytology, the interpretation of reticulated platelet values can be based both on absolute or relative corrected values. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Bulk reactions of phenolic compounds (bisphenol-A and alpha,omega-diphenol

oligosulfone) or thiols (thiophenol and bis(4-mercaptophenyl)sulfide) with bisoxazoline coupling agents, namely 2,2′-(1,3-phenylene)bis-(2-oxazoline) (mbox), 2,2′-(1,4-phenylene)bis(2-oxazoline) (pybox), were carried out in the bulk at 140-240 degrees C. The reactions were followed by viscosimetry, size exclusion chromatography, and (1)H- and (13)C-NMR spectroscopy. The phenol/ bisoxazoline bulk reactions at 240 degrees C required the presence of 4EGI-1 mouse sodium methoxide catalyst. Thiol and dithiol/bisoxazoline reactions selleck products were faster and did not require any catalyst. High-molar-mass polymers were obtained within 5 min at 200 degrees C while using

bis(4-mercaptophenyl)sulfide (BMPS) and any of the bisoxazolines. The NMR spectra of model compounds and polymers were fully assigned, showing that the oxazoline/phenol and oxazoline/thiophenol (tph) polyaddition reactions proceed in the expected way, without any noticeable side reaction. All polymers were amorphous and displayed good thermal stability. Bisoxazolines were also used as coupling agents for the preparation of copolymers of BMPS and alpha,omega-dicarboxy polyamide-12 and for the preparation of polysulfone-polyamide-12 AZD9291 in vivo block copolymers. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 113:

628-636, 2009″
“nonlinear (NL) refractive index, n(2), of NaPO3-WO3-Bi2O3 glass with different relative amounts of the constituents was measured at 1064 and 800 nm using the Z-scan and the thermally managed eclipse Z-scan techniques, respectively. The values of n(2) >= 10(-15) cm(2)/W and negligible NL absorption coefficient were determined. The large values of the NL refractive index and the very small NL absorption indicate that these materials have large potential for all-optical switching applications. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3212972]“
“The causes of clinical signs associated with syringomyelia in the Cavalier King Charles Spaniel (CKCS) are incompletely understood. In this study we compared expression of two pain-related neuropeptides: substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP), in the spinal cord dorsal horn of normal dogs with that in CKCS with and without clinical signs of syringomyelia. There was a decrease in expression of both peptides in CKCS with ‘symptomatic’ syringomyelia that was also associated with significant asymmetry in SP-I and similar, though non-significant, asymmetry in CGRP-I compared with other groups.

These results suggest that pulpal blood flow is affected by postural change, presumably via the autonomic nervous system.”
“OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevalence of appendiceal pathology in women undergoing surgery for a suspected ovarian neoplasm and the predictive value of intraoperative

findings to determine the need for appendectomy at the time of surgery.

METHODS: Retrospective analysis of patients who underwent oophorectomy and appendectomy during the same surgical procedures Kinase Inhibitor Library at the University of Virginia Health System from 1992 to 2007. Observations were stratified based on the nature (benign, borderline, or malignant) and histology (serous compared with mucinous) of the ovarian neoplasm,

frozen compared with final pathological diagnosis, and the gross appearance of the appendix.

RESULTS: Among the 191 patients identified, frozen section was consistent with seven mucinous and 35 serous carcinomas, 16 serous and 33 mucinous borderline tumors, 71 mucinous and serous cystadenomas, and 29 cases of suspected metastatic tumor from a gastrointestinal primary. The highest rates of coexisting appendiceal pathology were associated with serous ovarian cancers (94.4% of grossly abnormal and 35.3% of normal appendices) and ovarian tumors suspected to be of primary gastrointestinal origin (83.3% grossly abnormal and 60.0% normal appendices harbored coexisting mucinous learn more neoplasms). Linear regression analysis revealed that appearance of the appendix and frozen section diagnosis of the ovarian pathology were statistically significant predictors of coexisting appendiceal pathology, but the latter

AZD8055 was more important.

CONCLUSION: The prevalence of coexisting, clinically significant appendiceal pathology is low with a frozen section diagnosis of serous or mucinous cystadenoma. Appendectomy is recommended when frozen section diagnosis is mucinous or serous ovarian carcinoma, borderline tumor or metastatic carcinoma of suspected gastrointestinal origin. (Obstet Gynecol 2010;116:1348-53)”
“Experience-dependent remodeling of synaptic structure and function underlies information storage in the mammalian central nervous system. Although accumulating evidence suggests synergistic roles of long-term depression (LTD) and long-term potentiation (LTP) in cerebellar motor learning, their structural correlates and operational mechanisms have not been clearly addressed. A recent three-dimensional electron microscopic study provides insight for a potential complementary interplay between LTP and LTD in local dendritic segments of Purkinje cells of motor skill-trained animals.

Different melt pump adjustments, screw geometries, and screw speeds were tested and their effect on processing characteristics and material reinforcement was investigated. (C) 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J learn more Appl Polym Sci 113: 1422-1428, 2009″
“Dielectric and optical properties of (ZrO(2))(x)(SiO(2))(1-x) dielectric thin films, grown on Si(100) by the atomic layer deposition method, were studied by means of reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy (REELS). The quantitative analysis of REELS spectra was carried out by using the quantitative analysis

of electron energy loss spectra-epsilon(k,omega)-REELS software to determine the dielectric function and optical properties by using an analysis of experimental REELS cross sections from the simulated energy loss function (ELF). For ZrO(2), the ELF shows peaks in the vicinity Selleckchem BMS-777607 of 10, 15, 21, 27, 35, 42, and 57 eV. For SiO(2), a broad peak at 23 eV with a very weak shoulder at 15 eV and a shoulder at 34 eV were observed, while for Zr silicates (x=0.75 and 0.5), the peak position is similar to that of ZrO(2). For Zr silicates with high SiO(2)

concentration (x=0.25), the peak positions are similar to that of SiO(2), but the peak at 42 eV, which is due to excitation of Zr N(2,3) shell electrons, still exist. This indicates that the dielectric and optical properties of ZrO(2) thin films are dominating the dielectric and optical properties of Zr silicates even for high SiO(2) concentrations. In addition, the inelastic mean free path (IMFP) was also calculated from the theoretical inelastic cross section. The IMFP of Zr silicates increases with increasing Zr composition in Zr silicates, and they

also increase with increasing primary energy. The method of determining the dielectric and optical properties and IMFP from the ELF turns out to be a convenient tool for ultrathin high-k materials. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [doi: 10.1063/1.3246612]“
“A novel fluorinated biphenyl-type epoxy resin (FBE) was synthesized by epoxidation of a fluorinated biphenyl-type phenolic resin, which was prepared by the condensation of 3-trifluoromethylphenol and 4,4′-bismethoxymethylbiphenyl catalyzed in the presence of strong Lewis acid. Resin blends click here mixed by FBE with phenolic resin as curing agent showed low melt viscosity (1.3-2.5 Pa s) at 120-122 degrees C. Experimental results indicated that the cured fluorinated epoxy resins possess good thermal stability with 50% weight loss under 409-415 degrees C, high glass-transition temperature of 139-151 degrees C (determined by dynamic mechanical analysis), and outstanding mechanical properties with flexural strength of 117-121 MPa as well as tensile strength of 71-72 MPa. The thermally cured fluorinated biphenyl-type epoxy resin also showed good electrical insulation properties with volume resistivity of 0.5-0.

The majority (47%) of CFE recordings were

characterized by wavefront collision, usually between circulating LA wavefronts and entry/exit from the PVs. Thirty-eight (38%) CFE recordings were noted to be the central functional barrier of a reentrant wavefront. Ablation through CFE regions due to reentry led to AF termination and noninducibility in 3/5 animals.

Conclusions: In this pacing-induced AF model, common causes of CFEs include: (1) wavefront collision, (2) conduction through channels of functional block, (3) reentry. The vast majority of P5091 concentration these CFE regions were caused by wavefront collision rather than true “”drivers”" of AF. (PACE 2011; 34: 844-857)”
“The

prediction of functional RNA structures has attracted increased interest, as it allows us to study the potential functional roles of many genes. RNA structure prediction methods, however, assume that there is a unique functional RNA structure and also do not predict Selleck Sapanisertib functional features required for in vivo folding. In order to understand how functional RNA structures form in vivo, we require sophisticated experiments or reliable prediction methods. So far, there exist only a few, experimentally validated transient RNA structures. On the computational side, there exist several computer programs which aim to predict the co-transcriptional folding pathway in vivo, but these make a range of simplifying assumptions and do not capture all features known to influence RNA folding in vivo. We want to investigate if evolutionarily related RNA genes fold in a similar this website way in vivo. To this end, we have developed a new computational method, TRANSAT, which detects conserved helices of high statistical significance. We introduce the method, present a comprehensive performance evaluation and show that TRANSAT is able to predict the structural

features of known reference structures including pseudo-knotted ones as well as those of known alternative structural configurations. TRANSAT can also identify unstructured sub-sequences bound by other molecules and provides evidence for new helices which may define folding pathways, supporting the notion that homologous RNA sequence not only assume a similar reference RNA structure, but also fold similarly. Finally, we show that the structural features predicted by TRANSAT differ from those assuming thermodynamic equilibrium. Unlike the existing methods for predicting folding pathways, our method works in a comparative way. This has the disadvantage of not being able to predict features as function of time, but has the considerable advantage of highlighting conserved features and of not requiring a detailed knowledge of the cellular environment.

increasing MC content led to a slight increase in water vapor permeability (WVP) without significant influence oil the moisture absorption (MA).”
“SETTING: In 2004, the tuberculosis (TB) contact screening strategy in Vila Nova de Gaia, Portugal, was changed from targeting only close contacts identified by interviews Stem Cell Compound Library with the index patient (reflecting national policy) to include visits to the patient’s home and workplace.

OBJECTIVE:

To find out 1) whether the new strategy increased adherence to TB screening procedures, 2) whether the strategy identified more at-risk contacts and 3) whether the strategy increased prevention of TB.

METHODS: We compared TB contact tracing during the periods 2001-2003 and 2004-2006. The numbers of identified and screened contacts and the results of screening procedures (number of patients with active TB and latent TB infection [LTBI] detected per index case) were analysed. The number of instances of active TB prevented and the numbers of contacts that had to be screened to prevent one such instance were calculated and compared for both screening strategies.

RESULTS: Home and workplace visits helped to identify more at-risk contacts (8.4 per index patient) than interview (2.5 per index patient), and improved adherence (87.3% INCB28060 of identified

contacts were screened compared to 67.6% previously). More patients with active TB and LTBI were detected (1.4 per index patient compared with 0.75 per index patient previously), and more TB cases were prevented.

CONCLUSION: The newly implemented contact screening programme, XMU-MP-1 featuring

home and workplace evaluation of TB patient contacts, improved adherence to screening procedures, identified more at-risk contacts and should prevent more TB cases in the future.”
“Primary hyperhidrosis is a disorder of excessive, bilateral and relatively symmetrical sweating occurring in the palms, soles and axillae regions without obvious etiology. There have been some reports of the epidemiology of primary hyperhidrosis abroad so far, but there has never been any research performed in Japan. We performed a questionnaire survey for people aged 5-64years who agreed with the purpose of this study at 20 companies or schools, and received 5807 valid responses. From this survey, each prevalence could broken down into 5.33% for primary palm hyperhidrosis, 2.79% for primary plantar hyperhidrosis, 5.75% for primary axillae hyperhidrosis and 4.7% for primary head hyperhidrosis. Patients with severe symptoms were estimated to be approximately 616000 for primary palmar hyperhidrosis and 2239000 for primary axillae hyperhidrosis in Japan. These findings reveal that many patients feel a decreased quality of life because of symptoms of hyperhidrosis every day. However, only 6.2% of the patients had visited medical institutions. Moreover, few patients take appropriate treatment even after visiting the hospital.

Median duration https://www.selleckchem.com/products/gsk621.html of combined LRYGB and ventral hernia repair was 115 min, compared to 95 min for LRYGB alone (p = 0.09). Intraoperative complication rate was 0.5%. Postoperative complications occurred in 3.4% of patients with 60% within 24 h. The complication rate per obesity group was < 7% and similar between groups (p = 0.4). There was no perioperative mortality. More super obese

patients received postoperative intensive care compared to others (p = 0.001). Mean length of hospital stay was similar between obesity groups and decreased from 2 to 1 day over 2 years. There was a learning curve of 109 cases over 2 years.

LRYGB is a safe technique of bariatric surgery with low risk of perioperative complications. Establishing a fast-track LRYGB service requires a learning curve of 100 cases, and a good indicator is length of hospital stay, which decreases as the service matures. Most LRYGB patients can be safely discharged

by 24 h.”
“The authors report a 79-year old man with a history of coronary bypass surgery, presenting with acute heart failure and elevated troponin. Coronarography revealed a giant saphenous vein graft aneurysm, which was compressing the left internal mammary artery bypass graft. This was confirmed by a multislice enhanced-ECG gated cardiac CT, selleck showing the venous aneurysm responsible for external compression of the arterial graft and its functional occlusion. Myocardial ischaemia, the mechanism leading to cardiac failure, was confirmed by hypoperfusion of the sub-endocardial area shown by the

CT. The aneurysm was surgically removed without complications. GDC-0973 inhibitor The patient recovered and his cardiac function improved. This is the first recorded case of compression of the left internal mammary artery by an giant saphenous vein graft aneurysm having triggered severe myocardial ischaemia and heart failure. The authors review the incidence and complications of giant venous bypass graft aneurysms reported in the literature.”
“Background and Purpose: Treacher Collins syndrome is an autosomal dominant craniofacial disorder affecting derivatives of the first and second branchial arches. Given the conflicting reports in the literature regarding the extent of anterior-posterior and vertical (superior-inferior) dysplasia of the cranial base, maxilla, and mandible, this study was designed to provide a comprehensive lateral cephalometric assessment of the craniofacial morphology of unoperated patients with Treacher Collins syndrome.

Methods: The records of 45 patients with Treacher Collins syndrome registered at the Institute of Reconstructive Plastic Surgery of the NYU Langone Medical Center from the period of 1975 to 2008 were reviewed. Inclusion criteria included (1) patients between with the ages of 5 and 17 years, (2) no history of prior surgical intervention to correct skeletal deformity, and (3) diagnostic quality lateral cephalograms.

Results A total of 747 adverse drug reactions were identified; 361 for biopharmaceuticals and 386 for SMs. Within the sub group of immunosuppressants, neoplasms (20 % vs 2%, p < 0.01) and infections and infestations (22 % vs 9 %, p < 0.01) occurred significantly more frequent for biopharmaceuticals. Adverse drug reactions of SMs were more often renal and urinary

disorders (7 % vs 0 %, p < 0.01), blood and lymphatic system disorders (10 % vs 3 %, p = 0.04), and vascular disorders (7 % vs 1 %, p = 0.02). In the subgroup of antineoplastics, immune system disorders occurred more frequently for biopharmaceuticals, (6 % vs 1 %, p = 0.04). With the exception of immune system disorders and renal disorders, the overall differences between biopharmaceuticals and SMs were mostly caused by products authorized

as immunosuppressants. For the subset of products authorized after 2004, the median time to the first safety issue was 18 Stem Cells & Wnt inhibitor months (95 % CI 12.4-21.5) for biopharmaceuticals and HER2 inhibitor 17 months (95 % CI 12.5-21.5) for SMs and did not differ significantly within subgroups.

Conclusion Even within a group of medicinal products approved in the same indication, differences were observed in the nature of adverse drug reactions between biopharmaceuticals and SMs. The considerable differences in the nature of adverse drug reactions between biopharmaceuticals and SMs were not associated with differences in the timing of regulatory actions.”
“We studied 3162 heart failure patients included in the Spanish BADAPIC registry in order to determine whether statin treatment influences prognosis. Patients were followed up for 35 +/- 22 months (median, 32 months). Patients on statins were more often male and had higher prevalences of risk factors, ischemic heart disease and systolic dysfunction (P<.001) than those not on statins. After adjustment

for age, risk factors, ischemic heart disease, renal failure, ejection fraction, anemia, heart rate and drug treatment, statin treatment was found to be a favorable independent predictor of survival: the hazard ratio for mortality was 0.73 (95% confidence interval, 0.45-0.88; P<.001). During find more follow-up, the 3-year survival rate was higher in patients treated with statins (75% vs. 68%; P<.001). In patients with heart failure, statin treatment appears to be independently associated with better survival.”
“Background and Objectives: With technical adaptations, recent studies showed SLNB could predict cervical nodes status of head and neck carcinoma with high accuracy. However, as for tongue carcinoma, such technical adaptations seem to be not enough because the tongue has peculiar characteristic which may demand a specific procedure for accurate lymphatic mapping. This investigation explored the effect of lingual septum on lymphatic mapping of tongue to provide data for achieving an accurate lymphatic mapping for managing early tongue carcinoma.