(C) 2013 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“A group of acidic nucleosides were synthesized to develop a new class of ribonuclease A (RNase A) inhibitors. Our

recent study on carboxymethylsulfonyl-modified nucleosides revealed some interesting results in RNase A inhibition. This positive outcome triggered an investigation of the role played by secondary sugar hydroxy groups in inhibiting RNase A activity. Uri-dines and cytidines modified with -SO2CH2COOH groups at the 2′-and 3′-positions show good inhibitory properties with low inhibition constant (Ki) values in Dorsomorphin clinical trial the range of 109-17 mm. The present work resulted in a set of inhibitors that undergo more effective interactions with the RNase A active site, as visualized by docking studies.”
“IntroductionImmune response probably changes during human life, being influenced by cumulative exposure to environmental factors and individual genetic background. MethodsPatients investigated for suspected interstitial lung disease were prospectively enrolled. After completing the diagnostic process, 121 patients were diagnosed extrinsic allergic alveolitis (EAA) and 136 sarcoidosis. Three groups ERK inhibitor according to age were established ( smaller than 30 years, 30-60 years, bigger than 60 years), clinical manifestation, vital capacity (VC), forced expired volume in 1s (FEV1), lung diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide-transfer factor (TLCO) and bronchoalveolar

buy AG-881 lavage fluid (BALF) differential cell count were compared among the groups. ResultsAge subgroups of EAA patients did not significantly differ in lung functions. In the group above 60 years, non-significantly higher neutrophils and eosinophils counts and CD4/CD8 ratio were observed. Sarcoidosis patients were significantly younger than EAA group and had significantly better lung functions

(VC, FEV1, TLCO). Patients with sarcoidosis above 60 years of age had significantly higher percentages of neutrophils in BALF compared with younger patients. BALF percentage of neutrophils positively correlated with age. ConclusionsPresented results may support the hypothesis that reactivity of immune system changes during the life, which may result in different manifestation of interstitial lung diseases according to age.”
“Background: Production of L-sorbose from D-sorbitol by Gluconobacter oxydans is the first step to produce L-ascorbic acid on industrial scale. The sldhAB gene, which encodes the sorbitol dehydrogenase (SLDH), was overexpressed in an industrial strain G. oxydans WSH-003 with a strong promoter, P-tufB. To enhance the mRNA abundance, a series of artificial poly(A/T) tails were added to the 3′-terminal of sldhAB gene. Besides, their role in sldhAB overexpression and their subsequent effects on L-sorbose production were investigated. Results: The mRNA abundance of the sldhAB gene could be enhanced in G. oxydans by suitable poly(A/T) tails.

4456 (severe) (P < 0.001). Mean QoL-AD scores were 32.5 (mild), 24.0 (moderate), and 21.8 (severe) (P < 0.0001 for severe vs. mild, AZD4547 moderate vs. mild; P > 0.05 for severe vs. moderate). Participants’ EQ-5D-5L utility scores were weakly correlated (r <= 0.28) across both administrations of the instrument.\n\nConclusions The general public can differentiate between the three stages

of AD, and their HRQoL estimates for AD are weakly correlated with their current health status.”
“Overactive bladder syndrome (OAB), characterized by urinary frequency, nocturia and urgency with or without incontinence, is a widespread medical condition with significant impact on quality of life. Three main factors have been proposed regarding the cause of OAB: myogenic, neurogenic and urotheliogenic. Disturbance of any of the three factors or a combination of these factors can attribute to OAB. Metabolic derangement, bladder outlet obstruction and inflammation can increase the excitability of nerve, detrusor muscle

and alter the sensory and barrier functions of the urothelium. The detection of proteins in the urine such as NGF, PGE2, and proinflammatory chemokines may advance our understanding of the pathophysiology of OAB and offer novel diagnostic biomarkers of OAB.”
“In this article a statistical assessment concerning the relationship between the aerosol backscatter coefficient (beta(aer)) and the relative humidity (RH) in the lower and middle troposphere, over Athens (Greece), is presented. For the purpose of this study, correlative radiosonde and aerosol backscatter lidar data Selleck ZD1839 were analysed for a period of 4 years (January 2003-December 2006), as obtained in the framework of

the European Aerosol Lidar Network (EARLINET) project. The vertical check details profiles of the aerosol backscatter coefficients were measured by a combined Raman/elastic lidar system at ultraviolet (355 nm) and visible (532 nm) wavelengths. The correlation coefficient (R) of the vertical profiles of the RH against the backscatter coefficient of aerosols was investigated in altitudes within the free troposphere (0-6000 m). The altitude range was divided into three areas: 0 m up to the top of the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL); PBL up to PBL + 2000 m; and PBL + 2000 m up to 6000 m. The properties and seasonal variations of the height of the PBL were also studied. The annual mean PBL height over Athens was found to be (1320 +/- 480) m, while during the warm period of the year (spring-summer) the PBL was higher than during the cold period (autumn-winter). Regarding the correlation coefficient (R), low (0-0.5) and medium (0.5-0.8) R values were mostly observed during the warm months of the year. For the aerosols originating from the Balkan area the highest correlation was observed at both wavelengths (R = 0.71 at 355 nm and R = 0.41 at 532 nm), especially during the years 2003 and 2005 (R = 0.61 at 355 nm and R = 0.93 at 532 nm).

oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici-tomato pathosystem. Remarkably, Six6 was found Bafilomycin A1 solubility dmso to specifically suppress I-2-mediated cell death (I2CD) upon transient expression in N. benthamiana, whereas it did not compromise the activity of other cell-death-inducing genes. Still, this I2CD suppressing activity of Six6 does not allow the fungus to overcome I-2 resistance in tomato, suggesting that I-2-mediated resistance is independent from cell death.”
“p53 is an important target for studying vascular aging. However, as people gradually learned more about the miR-34s and the relationship between miR-34s and p53, new research idea emerged. This paper tries to elaborate the feature of p53, microRNA and miR-34s in-depth, analyze the regulatory

action of miR-34s on p53, and offer some new prevention and treatment prospects about vascular aging in Chinese medicine.”
“Nucleation of a crystalline phase almost always occurs at interfaces. However, the lack of fundamental understanding of the impact of interfacial properties on nucleation hinders the design of nucleation active materials for regulating crystallization in practice. In particular, the role of intermolecular interactions

is often neglected in nucleation under confinement such as those provided by nano- and microporous materials. Herein, we report the use of a novel material, polymer microgels with tunable microstructure and chemistry, for understanding the role of intermolecular interactions in nucleation under confinement Selleckchem IPI 145 and for controlling crystallization from solution in general. We demonstrate that by tuning the polymer solute interactions, solute nucleation kinetics were promoted by up to 4 orders of magnitude. Moreover, the effect of polymer solute interactions was manifested by the split of nucleation time scales due to the presence of nucleation sites of distinct chemical compositions

in the microgels, characterized Batimastat in vivo by small angle neutron scattering. Our mechanistic investigations suggest that the polymer matrix facilitates nucleation by enhancing effective solute solute interactions due to solute adsorptive partitioning and by promoting molecular alignment inferred from preferred crystal orientations on polymer surfaces. Our results provide new insights into nucleation at interfaces and help enable a rational material design approach for directing nucleation of molecular crystals from solution.”
“Neuroblastoma (NB) is treated with surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. We assessed the effects of surgical resection on the outcome over a 23-year period at our institution. 85 children were included with a median age at diagnosis of 2.0 (range 0.1-15) years. We assessed the correlation of the complete surgical resection (CR) rate, metastases, NMYC amplification (NMYCA) and chemotherapeutic response with the 5-year overall survival (OS). The INSS stage of NB was 1 in 11 (13 %) patients, 2 in 10 (11 %), 3 in 13 (17 %), 4 in 46 (53 %) and 4S in five patients (6 %).

92 +/- 76.30 mu mol, 100.48 +/- 23.89 mu mol, 72.07 +/- 25.77 mu mol, respectively. The excretion of ALC was 29.70 +/- 14.43 mu mol, 80.59 +/- 32.70 mu mol, 109.85 +/- 49.21 mu mol, 58.65 +/- 18.55 mu mol, and 80.43 +/- 35.44 mu mol, respectively. GDC-0994 price The urine concentration of PLC was 6.63 +/- 4.50 mu mol, 15.33 +/- 12.59 mu mol, 15.46 +/- 6.26 mu mol, 13.41 +/- 11.66 mu mol and 9.67 +/- 7.92 mu mol, respectively. The accumulated excretion rate of LC was 6.1% within 24h after its administration. There was also an increase in urine concentrations of SOD and T-AOC, and a decrease in NO and MDA. A positive correlation was found between urine concentrations

of LC and SOD (r = 0.8277) or T-AOC (r = 0.9547), and a negative correlation was found between urine LC excretions and NO (r = -0.8575) or MDA (r = 0.7085). In conclusion, a single oral LC administration let to

a gradual increase in urine L-carnitine excretion which was associated with an increase in urine antioxidant enzymes and the total antioxidant capacities. These data may be useful Quisinostat manufacturer in designing therapeutic regimens of LC or its analogues in the future.”
“This study determined the intelligibility (words, sentences and story telling) of 43 children (mean age 4.9 years) with unilateral cleft lip’ and palate who received a Wardill-Kilner palatoplasty, as judged by their parents and determined the influence of age and gender. A comparison with normative data for intelligibility of 163 Dutch speaking children was made. Each child and the parents completed The Dutch intelligibility test. Measures reported include group mean intelligibility percentages for words, sentences and story telling for children aged 2.5-5.0 and

5.0-7.6 years. A significant MDV3100 price correlation between age of the children and intelligibility was measured. No significant gender-related differences were found. An interesting finding is the absence of significant difference in intelligibility percentage between the children with cleft palate and the normative data for story telling. The reported intelligibility percentages provide important prognostic reference information for surgeons who perform palatoplasty and speech pathologists who assess the speech production of children with cleft palate.”
“A novel and systematic method for sensitive detection of Fe3+ ions in aqueous media using gold nanorods (Au NRs) as nanosensors is presented. One of the most rousing achievements is the detection limit which is found to be 100 ppb for Fe3+ ions. The whole procedure takes not more than 10 min which uses surfactant cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) capped seed instead of a citrate to overcome the formation of spherical particles in excess amount along with rods. This work also presents a low cost and effective solution for separation of seed mediated grown Au NRs from co-produced spherical nanoparticles formed in solution.

These results could support individual therapeutic stratification according to the clinical pattern and associated comorbidities.”
“We present two cases of fetal hypothyroidism with goiter which were successfully diagnosed and treated in utero. In both cases, ultrasonographic examination demonstrated a bilobed solid anterior neck mass with increased vascularity compatible with enlarged thyroid gland. Fetal blood sampling revealed hypothyroidism. Intra-amniotic injection of L-thyroxin caused a reduction in thyroid gland size and enabled vaginal delivery without complication. In the first case, maternal thyroid hormone levels and autoantibodies

were normal and the neonate had hypothyroidism suggesting the diagnosis of dyshormonogenesis. In the second case, the fetus had transient hypothyroidism, which resolved spontaneously after delivery. Maternal thyroid Apoptosis inhibitor function tests and autoantibodies were normal and both the mother and neonate had normal urinary iodine, excluding the diagnosis of iodine deficiency or excess. Thus, we believe that transplacental transfer of undetermined factors might be a cause of transient congenital hypothyroidism. Also, we reviewed the literature and described controversial issues regarding the management of fetal goiter.”
“Objective:

This study investigates whether changes in registration and coding practices influenced Buparlisib manufacturer official suicide rates in Norway from 1988 to 2002.\n\nStudy Design and Setting: A Poisson regression model was used to evaluate rates of suicide and potentially competing underlying causes of death. Setting in Norway 1988-2002.\n\nResults: From 1988 to 1994, suicide mortality decreased significantly, by 23.7%. Simultaneously, rates of causes of death potentially masking suicide decreased or ABT-263 chemical structure remained fairly stable. From 1994 to 2002, however, there were no significant changes in suicide rates but accidental poisoning, which may mask suicide, increased significantly by 32.4%. Also, “ill-defined causes” of death increased by 16.7%, indicating poorer data quality.\n\nConclusion:

This study suggests that the decreasing suicide rate in 1988-94 reflects a real change. However, the general quality of mortality statistics has deteriorated since the late 1990s, making it difficult to assess developments since 1994. Such variations in the reliability of official suicide statistics complicate international comparisons. However, shifts in the death rate because of “ill-defined” causes could serve as a warning that data quality is not consistent over time. (C) 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.”
“Secondary cementum is deposited in a root apical third throughout the lifespan of a tooth to compensate occlusal erosion, keeping dental pieces in occlusion contact. Pearls are more difficult to spot, found by X-rays or after extraction. Their ovoid or spherical aspect is well outlined, hard to touch, and located in different thirds of the root.

\n\nResults. Thirty-eight (71%) patients were satisfied with the outcome, 14 (26%) were not, and 1 was uncertain. Both satisfied and dissatisfied patients had no difference in baseline preoperative best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA;

6/60 and 6/60, respectively). There was also no significant difference in median postoperative BCVA between both groups (6/ 24 and 6/29, respectively, p = 0.6). In satisfied patients, median vision expectation score of 6 was equally similar to the median subjective postoperative vision improvement score of 6, p = 0.7. However, in dissatisfied patients, median vision expectation score (8) was significantly higher than ST-1571 Mesylate median postoperative subjective vision improvement score (1), p = 0.0001. The commonest reason for dissatisfaction was perceived visual reduction (7/14 patients).\n\nConclusions. In the dissatisfied patients, expectation was significantly higher, and subjective

assessment of vision after surgery was lower than in satisfied patients, although they had similar improvement GDC-0973 research buy in BCVA. Visual acuity and patient satisfaction are not always directly correlated. An important factor in patient satisfaction is expectation. (Optom Vis Sci 2011;88:312-316)”
“It has been observed that current pulses in corona-based atmospheric-pressure weakly ionized plasma can be synchronized between needles, dependent on the gap between the needles. This observation was made via a series of experiments utilizing a statistically significant number of current pulses at varying spacing between needles.”
“The

advancement of network technology and the popularization of the Internet lead to increased interest in information recommendation. This paper proposes a group recommendation system that takes the preferences of group users in mobile environment and applies the system to recommendation of restaurants. The proposed system recommends the restaurants by considering various preferences of multiple users. To cope with the uncertainty in mobile environment, we exploit Bayesian network, which provides reliable performance and models individual user’s preference. Also, CUDC-907 mouse Analytical Hierarchy Process of multi-criteria decision-making method is used to estimate the group users’ preference from individual users’ preferences. Experiments in 10 different situations provide a comparison of the proposed method with random recommendation, simple rule-based recommendation and neural network recommendation, and confirm that the proposed method is useful with the subjective test.”
“Objective. Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with aberrant immune cell function. Treatment involves the use of indiscriminate immunosuppression, which results in significant side effects.

Results: Rotenone administration significantly reduced motor activity and caused a loss of tyrosine hydroxylase in SNpc of Lewis rats. The degeneration of nigral dopaminergic neurons was accompanied by the deposition of alpha-synuclein aggregates, autophagosomes and redistribution of cathepsin D from

lysosomes to the cytosol. In cultured PC12 cells, rotenone also induced increases in protein levels of alpha-synuclein, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3-II, Beclin 1, and p62. Rotenone increased lysosomal membrane permeability as evidenced by leakage of N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and cathepsin D, the effects were blocked Transmembrane Transporters inhibitor by reactive oxygen species scavenger tiron. Autophagy inducer trehalose enhanced the nuclear translocation of transcription factor EB, accelerated the clearance of autophagosomes and alpha-synuclein

and attenuated rotenone-induced cell death of PC12 cells. Meanwhile, administration of trehalose to rats in drinking water (2%) decreased rotenone-induced dopaminergic neurons loss in SNpc. Conclusions: These studies indicate that the lysosomal dysfunction contributes to rotenone’s neurotoxicity and restoration of lysosomal function could be a new therapeutic strategy for Parkinson’s disease. (C) 2014 IBRO. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“The constant bearing angle (CBA) strategy is a prospective strategy that permits the interception of moving objects. The purpose of the present this website study is to test this strategy. Participants were asked to walk through a virtual environment and to change, if necessary, their walking speed so as to intercept approaching targets. The targets followed either a rectilinear or a curvilinear trajectory and target size was manipulated both within trials (target size was gradually changed during the trial in order PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitor to bias expansion) and between trials (targets

of different sizes were used). The curvature manipulation had a large effect on the kinematics of walking, which is in agreement with the CBA strategy. The target size manipulations also affected the kinematics of walking. Although these effects of target size are not predicted by the CBA strategy, quantitative comparisons of observed kinematics and the kinematics predicted by the CBA strategy showed good fits. Furthermore, predictions based on the CBA strategy were deemed superior to predictions based on a required velocity (V-REQ) model. The role of target size and expansion in the prospective control of walking is discussed.”
“Background and Objectives: Failure to respond to systemic chemotherapy is considered an exclusion criterion by some institutions for treatment with cytoreductive surgery and hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy (HIPEC). However, it is unknown if these patients benefit from HIPEC treatment.

2. The same noninferiority threshold of 0.2 was also used to perform separate, secondary tests for noninferiority in the proportion of patients with HCO3 levels below 18.5 mEq/L and the proportion Stattic in vitro of patients who required HCO3 administration.\n\nResults: Fewer patients in the SNP group experienced metabolic acidosis compared to the control group (31.7% vs. 36.8%, respectively; p < .001). No whole blood CN levels above the lower limit of quantification were detected in any of the 51 patients with validated CN data. Plasma and urinary thiocyanate levels were also low.\n\nConclusions: Our findings suggest that SNP,

when used for short-term deliberate hypotension, does not cause an increased incidence of metabolic acidosis compared with the use of anesthetic agents alone.”
“Using microdata, that is, representative samples of 114,403 German long-term care dependants (LTCDs) observed from 2000 to 2009, we give a comprehensive insight into the length of stay (LOS) in long-term care (LTC). Furthermore, this paper evaluates the effects of longevity on the LOS, thus revisiting the debate on the validity of the competing theories of compression or expansion of morbidity in LTC. The analysis selleck chemicals finds significant effects on the LOS when AGE is controlled for, albeit do not confirm the time-to-death hypothesis. However, controlling for ASSESSMENT LEVEL suggests an

improved health status of LTCDs over time, thus supporting the time-to-death hypothesis. An analysis

of the mortality rates of LTCDs is to give insight into the opposing results. But the regression of mortality shows a divergence in the development of mortality rates for different disability levels. This is evidence to suggest that the improved health status in LTC is not only MK0683 due to actual changes in the health status, but also a consequence of political intervention. Copyright (c) 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.”
“An outbreak of bovine besnoitiosis in three female, 15-18 months old beef cattle in central Italy is here described. All the animals were born in central Italy without any recent contact with imported animals. The animals were in poor body conditions and showed symptoms and clinical signs consistent with chronic besnoitiosis. The diagnosis was confirmed by histopathologic examinations of skin biopsies and whole body at necropsy, showing typical 50-100 mu cysts engulfing superficial dermis in skin and lamina propria in mucosae; lesions were confined to skin and respiratory mucosae, and cysts were not seen in any other tissue. Bovine besnoitiosis is rapidly spreading among European countries and in our case the affected animals were born in the farm and not recent admission was referred, so it is likely to consider this as an autoctone outbreak of the disease in Italy. This case, taken together with other recently reported ones, suggest to consider Italy among potentially endemic areas for bovine besnoitiosis.

“
“Membrane localization of the Ste11 MAPKKK is essential for activation of

both the filamentous growth/invasive growth (FG/IG) MAP kinase (MAPK) pathway and the SHO1 branch of the osmoregulatory HOG MAPK pathway, and is mediated by binding of the Ste50 scaffold protein to the Opy2 membrane anchor. We found that Opy2 has two major (CR-A and CR-B), and one minor (CR-D), binding sites for Ste50. CR-A binds Ste50 constitutively and can transmit signals to both the Hog1 and Fus3/Kss1 MAPKs. CR-B, in contrast, binds Ste50 only when Opy2 is phosphorylated by Yck1/Yck2 under glucose-rich conditions and transmits the signal preferentially Trichostatin A to the Hog1 MAPK. Ste50 phosphorylation by activated Hog1/Fus3/Kss1 MAPKs downregulates the HOG Selleck Wnt inhibitor MAPK pathway by dissociating Ste50 from Opy2. Furthermore, Ste50 phosphorylation, together with MAPK-specific protein phosphatases, reduces the basal activity of the HOG and the mating

MAPK pathways. Thus, dynamic regulation of Ste50-Opy2 interaction fine-tunes the MAPK signaling network.”
“Fermented soybean liquid (FSL) has been well cited for its broad spectrum of biological effects, yet its documented gastropeptic ulcer (CPU) ameliorating effect is still lacking. It was hypothesized that to avoid the injury exerted by gastric fluid, HP has to be sheltered in chyme emulsions immediately on infection. The HP urease (HPU) and the acidic proton pump (PP) may act as the “two-point pH modulator” to maintain an optimum pH between 6 and 7, and FSL is able to destroy such a modulating mechanism. FSL exhibited higher contents of isoflavonoids (2.5-17.3-fold) and essential amino acids (1.5-4.0-fold) than the nonfermented. FSL administered at 1 g/20 mL tid for 3 months eradicated Helicobacter pylori (HP) by 82% in 37 volunteers having GPU (p < 0.20); simultaneously, the plasma conjugated diene and TBARs levels

were significantly resumed (p < 0.05). Kinetic analysis based on the conventional “urease theory” revealed that a cluster of 2.0 x 10(9) of HP cells is required for a single attack in the gastric lumen at pH 1.0-2.5. To verify the hypothesis, thyme-shelter testing was conducted in artificial Cl-amidine concentration gastric fluid (pH 2.4 +/- 0.20). Results showed the HP cell viability was time- and size-dependent. At 20 min of contact time, the viability was 100, 4.2, 31.4, 43.3, 57.2, and 82.6%, respectively, in intact, dispersed, and particulate chymes (mesh sizes 80, 60, 40, and 20). The corresponding data became 96.2, 0.0, 14.5, 18.5, 21.3, and 28.6%, respectively, at a contact time of 40 min. Conclusively, the kinetic analysis and the chyme-shelter testing revealed that direct infection by bare HP cells is unlikely in real status.

Estimates of the Langmuir constant and broth concentration of this second species were then calculated from batch adsorption data. Using these parameters for the second species, and other batch-derived parameters for the target protein with this resin, this unique numerical modeling approach provided results that compare favorably to experimental breakthrough data at various flow rates. Finally, the Z-IETD-FMK solubility dmso model was employed for a parameter sensitivity analysis that shows which process variables are most important in determining breakthrough time and the shape and magnitude of the concentration overshoot.”
“Polygonum amplexicaule D. Don (Polygonaceae) (Chinese

name: Xuesanqi) is a widely distributed medicinal plant in

China. It has been used in folk medicine to treat many common and frequently-occurring diseases, such as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, fractures, pain, etc. Thus, this plant has been of interest to researchers. However, the chemical constituents of Xuesanqi EPZ004777 cost have not been investigated systematically. This study isolated and identified some effective compounds in this plant. The structure of important active chemicals of Xuesanqi from different regions was determined for the first time. Twelve phenolic compounds were isolated from this plant. Vanillin, isovanillic acid, p-hydroxyphenethyl alcohol, dihydro-kaempferol,

and 5,7-dihydroxychromone were determined for the first time from Polygonum. As markers for quality standard of this herb, the content of methyl caffeate and ethyl caffeate was determined by HPLC. It was found that Xuesanqi from Wufeng, Lichuan, Badong Counties in Hubei Province and Jiujiang City of Jiangxi Province had higher content of both chemicals. The results suggest that the herb might be a potential source of phenolic compounds of an agent this website for improving blood circulation, treating various fractures, muscle and tissue swelling, and pain.”
“The elucidation of chemical pathways and the identification of intermediates leading to vinylogous compounds such as acrylamide by the Maillard reaction have proven challenging. This study was conducted to assess the formation of styrene from L-phenylalanine, employing binary mixtures of the amino acid heated together with simple C3-sugar analogue (1-hydroxyacetone) or methylglyoxal. The formation of the corresponding vinylogous product, i.e. styrene, was measured under different moisture, pH, and temperature conditions. The formation of intermediates over time was monitored by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) together with the target compound styrene. Two intermediates, i.e.