05). Conclusions: These results provide evidence that there is no connection between podoplanin immunostaining and odontogenic cellular proliferative activity and suggest a role for membranous podoplanin expression in the local invasion of ameloblastomas.”
“1-Aryl-4-chloro-1H-imidazole-5-carbaldehydes and 1-aryl-4-chloro-1H-imidazole-5-carboxylic acids reacted with

sulfur(IV) fluoride QNZ to give, respectively, 1-aryl-4-chloro-5-difluoromethyl- and 1-aryl-4-chloro-5-trifluoromethyl-1H-imidazoles.”
“Background: Recent guidelines on stroke neuroimaging from the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) recommend magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) over computed tomography (CT) for stroke diagnosis when patients present within 12 hours of onset. We sought to estimate the proportion of stroke MRI that is performed within 12 hours. Methods: Using the best available data, we estimated total time from symptom onset to MRI with a Monte Carlo simulation. We modeled 3 times to MRI: time to presentation, time to emergency department (ED) MRI, and time to inpatient MRI. Total time to MRI was estimated by summing these time components while varying model parameters around our base model. Sensitivity analyses assessed the relative importance of model parameters to overall Ferroptosis cancer MRI timing.

Results: In 2009, we estimate that 66% of stroke patients underwent MRI, 14% received an MRI in the ED, and 68% of all MRIs were obtained on hospital day 0 or 1. We estimate that 29% (95% confidence interval 24-33%) of stroke MRIs are obtained within 12 hours of onset. Sensitivity analyses revealed that even large clinical changes (eg, decreasing time to presentation) would only moderately influence this proportion. For example, if mean time to presentation were reduced to 30 minutes (from the base case estimate of 16 hours), the proportion of stroke MRI performed within 12 hours would only increase to 55.3%. Conclusions: Stroke guidelines favor the use of MRI over CT only during the first 12 hours from ARN-509 in vitro symptom onset, yet less than one-third of stroke MRIs

are actually performed within this timeframe.”
“Stapled hemorrhoidopexy (SH) was introduced in 1998. Early in the experience, a standard circular stapler was often used, while later specifically designed staplers for SH were developed. Although the diameter of the circular cutting knife differ significantly, it remains unclear, if the volume of the excised tissue differs and if this has an influence on the long-term results and complications.

We evaluated in a prospective consecutive database that underwent SH from January 2003 through April 2004. There were three devices used during the study period: end-to-end-anastomosis (EEA) 31, stapler device for haemorrhoids (SDH) and procedure for prolapse and haemorrhoids (PPH).

At the 3-month follow-up, a slightly raised mound of tissue was noted at the treatment site. This area was biopsied and found to be negative for tumor, containing only chronic inflammatory tissue. No evidence of residual

cancer was observed. Initial observations include lack of a bystander effect on lung and pleura; no significant side effects or symptoms; a 50% tumoricidal response 3 days after treatment, and a complete tumoricidal response 90 days after treatment without evidence of tumor on the parietal pleura. Copyright (C) 2009 S. Karger AG, Basel”
“The epidemiology, prevention, diagnosis, treatment, prognosis, and new International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics staging system of endometrial carcinoma are reviewed. Endometrial cancer has increased 21% in incidence since 2008, and the death rate has increased more than 100% over the past two decades. Precursor lesions of complex hyperplasia with atypia are associated SNX-5422 supplier with an endometrial carcinoma in more than 40% of cases. Endometrial cancer in white women occurs at twice the incidence as in black women, but, stage for stage, black women have a less favorable prognosis. Preoperative imaging cannot accurately assess lymph

node involvement. Gross Z-DEVD-FMK concentration examination of depth of myometrial invasion does not have the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, or negative predictive value to select women who can have lymphadenectomy safely omitted from the surgical procedure. this website Although surgical staging

remains the most accurate method of determining the extent of disease, the therapeutic value of pelvic lymphadenectomy has not been established. The anatomical extent of lymphadenectomy and the number of lymph nodes removed to establish prognostic and therapeutic benefit are controversial. Research efforts are directed at identifying women with early stage endometrial cancer who only require total hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Minimally invasive surgical techniques have become established as standard therapy for treating women with endometrial cancer. Women with a family history of hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer are at increased risk for endometrial cancer. Conservative treatment to allow for childbearing is possible in select situations. Women with endometrial cancer should be managed by physicians experienced in the complex multimodality treatment of this disease. (Obstet Gynecol 2012;120:383-97) DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182605bf1″
“Chemical hair removal products are available as creams, gels, powders, aerosols and roll-ons and all of these forms work in the same way by breaking chemical bonds between sulfur atoms in the protein. Currently, the common active ingredients of these products are calcium thioglycolate, potassium thioglycolate, arsenic and sulfur minerals. Sulfur and arsenic containing products are important toxic chemicals which are mainly used for removing hair in developing countries.

Further research should be conducted to generate robust evidence-based data sets (HPV-related diseases epidemiology, costs and quality of life). The best modeling practice for HPV vaccination and how to better capture the true economic value of vaccination beyond cost-effectiveness in a broader policy context need to be investigated.”
“Defining the vascular component(s) of the clinical diagnosis of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) and vascular dementia (VaD) continues to be problematic. The goal of this study was to determine whether vascular stiffness, measured by pulse wave velocity (PWV), is altered

in VaD, to study the utility of PWV in differentiating VaD from Alzheimer dementia (AD) and the relationship between PWV and cognitive function. A qualitative PFTα and quantitative structured analysis of the literature was conducted until September 2010, using a search strategy based on the key words: dementia, vascular dementia, dementia Napabucasin cost of vascular origin, cognitive function and arterial stiffness or pulse wave velocity. Seventeen studies assessed large vessel vascular stiff by PWV and related it to cognitive function or dementia. Six of these studies compared PWV in 154 persons with VaD, 207 with AD and 197 controls without dementia. Mean PWV was significantly (p < 0.0001)

higher in VaD compared with controls. Mean PWV was significantly (p = 0.002) higher in VaD compared with AD. Fourteen studies examined the relationship CP-868596 cell line between PWV and cognitive function. The majority of studies (nine of 14) reported a significant correlation between PWV and cognitive function. Four of eight studies that evaluated the relation using univariate analysis reported a significant correlation of PWV with the

Mini Mental State Exam (MMSE) or Hasegawa Dementia Scale, and the correlation with MMSE between studies showed a close agreement of correlation coefficients (0.206 to 0.27). In multivariate analysis, adjusted for a wide range of possible confounding factors, the majority or 80% (eight out of 10) studies comprising a population of 6,034 individuals found a significant inverse relationship between PWV and cognitive function. In summary, vascular stiffness is inversely related to cognitive function. Vascular stiffness is greater in VaD compared with AD, suggesting PWV may be useful in identifying VaD.”
“Objective: Congenital dislocation of the hip (CDH) is a multifactorial disease which involves genetic factors that are still unidentified. Recently, a functional polymorphism (rs143383) of the 5′-untranslated region of GDF5 (Growth/Differentiation Factor 5) – previously reported to be associated with osteoarthritis – has been associated with CDH in a Chinese population. The aim of our study was to determine whether GDF5, known to be involved in bone, joint and cartilage morphogenesis, is also associated with CDH in Caucasians.

I propose that the correct level of abstraction is the cell and provide an outline of CELLMAP, a design for a system to organize biological information.”
“Composite materials consisting of metal nanoparticles (NPs) embedded in a dielectric matrix have a great potential for photonic and plasmonic applications. A set of expensive, time-consuming, and destructive methods (like electron microscopy, electron energy loss, or secondary ion mass spectroscopy) are extensively being used for the structural characterization of such buried NP assemblies. Here, we

show the power of combining complementary, noninvasive optical techniques to characterize planar arrays of Ag NPs embedded in a silica film. We use UV-Vis optical reflectivity and resonant Brillouin-Raman scattering, sustained by simulations, to show the sensitivity of these methods to the presence, density, size distribution, 3-deazaneplanocin A molecular weight and spatial localization of NPs. The accuracy of the results is validated by transmission electron microscopy investigations. Finally the method is applied to obtain images of embedded plasmonic structures from reflectivity and Raman scanning microscopy. (C) 2010 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3506680]“
“At diagnosis,

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) brains are extensively burdened with plaques and tangles and display a degree of synaptic failure most likely beyond therapeutic treatment. It is therefore crucial Cyclopamine inhibitor to identify early pathological events in the progression of the disease. While it is not currently feasible to identify and study early, pre-clinical stages of AD, transgenic (Tg) models offer check details a valuable tool in this regard. Here we investigated cognitive, structural and biochemical CNS alterations occurring in our newly developed McGill-Thyl-APP Tg mice (over-expressing the human amyloid precursor protein with the Swedish and Indiana mutations) prior to extracellular plaque deposition. Pre-plaque,

3-month old Tg mice already displayed cognitive deficits concomitant with reorganization of cortical cholinergic pre-synaptic terminals. Conformational specific antibodies revealed the early appearance of intracellular amyloid beta (A beta)-oligomers and fibrillar oligomers in pyramidal neurons of cerebral cortex and hippocampus. At the same age, the cortical levels of insulin degrading enzyme -a well established A beta-peptidase, were found to be significantly down-regulated. Our results suggest that, in the McGill-Thy1-APP Tg model, functional, structural and biochemical alterations are already present in the CNS at early, pre-plaque stages of the pathology. Accumulation of intraneuronal neurotoxic A beta-oligomers (possibly caused by a failure in the clearance machinery) is likely to be the culprit of such early, pre-plaque pathology. Similar neuronal alterations might occur prior to clinical diagnosis in AD, during a yet undefined ‘latent’ stage.

(C) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Consumption of wild growing mushrooms has been preferred to eating of cultivated fungi in many countries of central and Eastern Europe. Nevertheless, the knowledge of the nutritional value of wild growing mushrooms is limited. The present study reports the effects of trophism on mushrooms nutritional and nutraceutical potential. In vitro antioxidant properties of five

saprotrophic (Calvatia utriformis, Clitopilus prunulus, Lycoperdon echinatum, Lyophyllum decastes, and Macrolepiota excoriata) and five mycorrhizal (Boletus erythropus, Boletus fragrans, Hygrophorus pustulatus, Russula cyanoxantha, and Russula olivacea) wild edible mushrooms were accessed and compared to individual compounds identified by chromatographic techniques. Mycorrhizal species revealed higher sugars concentration DMXAA solubility dmso (16-42 g/100 g dw) MDV3100 supplier than the saprotrophic mushrooms (0.4-15 g/100 g). Furthermore, fructose was

found only in mycorrhizal species (0.2-2 g/100 g). The saprotrophic L decastes, and the mycorrhizal species B. erythropus and B. fragrans gave the highest antioxidant potential, mainly due to the contribution of polar antioxidants such as phenolics and sugars. The bioactive compounds found in wild mushrooms give scientific evidence to traditional edible and medicinal uses of these species. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Small cell lung cancer with interstitial lung disease (ILD-SCLC) is difficult to treat because of the risk of fatal pneumonitis. Our study aims to evaluate the validity of topotecan (TOP)

as chemotherapy for patients with relapsed ILD-SCLC. Overall survival was compared between TOP and other drugs as second-line treatments for MD-SCLC patients. Forty-seven patients began chemotherapy and second-line Nutlin-3 nmr treatment was administered in 48.5% of relapsed cases. The response rate of TOP for second-line therapy was 16.7%. Hematologic toxicities were grade 4 anemia, grade 3 neutropenia and grade 3 thrombocytopenia. Mild pulmonary toxicity was observed in 1 case. Patients receiving TOP as second-line treatment showed no significant difference in survival when compared to patients who underwent other regimens (median survival time 179 vs. 76 days; P=0.76). TOP is a well tolerated drug and is a viable candidate for second-line treatment of ILD-SCLC patients.”
“The Vif protein of HIV is essential for the effective propagation of this pathogenic retrovirus in vivo. Vif acts by preventing virion encapsidation of two potent antiviral factors, the APOBEC3G and APOBEC3F cytidine deaminases. Decreased encapsidation in part involves Vif-mediated recruitment of a ubiquitin E3 ligase complex that promotes polyubiquitylation and proteasome-mediated degradation of APOBEC3G/F. The resultant decline in intracellular levels of these enzymes leads to decreased encapsidation of APOBECG/F into budding virions.

Low temperature absorption spectroscopy reveals that Yb3+ incorporates into the matrix at four well differentiated centers. High resolution site selective experiments have been performed to determine the energy level schemes associated with the major Yb3+ centers detected in the system. The fluorescence decay times recorded at 10 K under selective excitation are analyzed for each Yb3+ center. The selleck kinase inhibitor spectroscopic behavior of the codoped Yb3+:Na+: BaMgF4 system has been also investigated.

Codoping with Na+ eliminates two Yb3+ centers present in the singly doped Yb3+: BaMgF4 crystal. The charge compensation mechanisms and site location for Yb3+ in the fluoride matrix are discussed. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3638040]“
“End-stage Alzheimer’s disease (AD) involves drastic modifications in neuronal molecular and cellular processes, but little is known about the dynamics of these modifications during disease initiation and progression. Here, we report meta-analysis of 100 publicly available Microarray datasets using threshold-independent analysis. We found that different patients react to AD progression by variable single transcript alterations which however lead to similar changes in functional gene groups.

Stratification by patients’ cognitive deterioration presented hippocampal-specific mRNA alterations which involved progressively changed gene categories and indicate changes in epigenetic state and microRNA profiles. In addition, datasets from laser-captured neurofibrillary tangles-free hippocampal neurons and transcript LY333531 in vivo classification by cell types identified many of these changes in neurons. Intriguingly, we discovered that early-onset decline in

alternative splicing, protein folding and transport transcripts occur concurrently with decreases in synaptic transmission, whereas at later stages these changes progressed into enhanced oxidative stress and inflammation. Our findings open new venues for identifying novel targets for intervention with AD progression.”
“Experiments were conducted at 3 US locations (California, Idaho, and Texas) to determine the effects of dietary zilpaterol hydrochloride and duration of zilpaterol feeding on carcass composition and beef palatability. At each site, 160 steers and 160 heifers were stratified GSK1838705A concentration within sex by initial BW (study d – 1) and assigned randomly within BW strata to 1 of 4 treatments in a randomized complete block design (4 blocks/treatment for each sex). The 4 treatments were arranged in a 2 (no zilpaterol vs. zilpaterol) x 2 (20- or 40-d duration of zilpaterol feeding) factorial. When included in the diet, zilpaterol was supplemented at 8.3 mg/kg (DM basis). Each pen consisted of 10 animals. After slaughter 2 carcasses per pen (n = 64 per trial site) were selected. The entire right side of the selected carcasses was collected for dissection and chemical analysis of the soft tissue.

An understanding of specific anatomical and electrophysiological characteristics of these patients and the technical challenges in addressing them PLX3397 are critical to the success of this therapy. Tools specifically designed for intracardiac diagnosis and therapy in anatomically complex and/or small hearts remain scarce.

Aims: We report single-center results from an ongoing registry of all patients with congenital heart disease and all

children with complex arrhythmias in which the Magnetic Navigation System (MNS) was used.

Results: Included in this report are 12 patients with CHD in whom 17 tachyarrhythmias were treated, and 11 pediatric patients with normal cardiac anatomy who each had a single arrhythmia. The procedures’ duration and the duration of fluoroscopy time as well as arrhythmia recurrence rates were comparable to those found in previous reports of procedures performed in adults with structurally normal hearts, and the incidence

of complications was quite low.

Discussion: In patients with complex congenital malformations, retrograde mapping of the pulmonary venous atrium was feasible, eliminating the need for puncture of the atrial septum, or surgically placed baffle in many cases. Moreover, the design of the catheter eliminated the need for multiple mapping and ablation catheters.

Conclusion: Our findings suggest that RFCA using the MNS for arrhythmias after surgery for congenital heart disease and in pediatric selleck compound patients is safe and effective. (PACE 2009; 32:S198-S201)”
“We present photoreflectance (PR) and surface photovoltage spectroscopy

(SPS) studies of GaAs(1-x)Sb(x)/GaAs multiple quantum well structures with fundamental Prexasertib mouse transition close to 1.3 mu m. These two optical diagnostic tools are powerful supplementary techniques in the investigations of complicated quantum systems. PR gives detailed information about the heavy-holes related transitions, while SPS contains additional information concerning light-holes related ones. The comparison of experimental data and theoretical analysis based on the envelope function approximation, including strain and exciton binding energy, allows us to identify the observed PR and SPS features. The results point to the existence of weak type-I band alignment in samples being studied, and the Sb content dependent of conduction band offset is found to agree well with that reported by Wang et al. [Phys. Rev. B 70, 195339 (2004)]. (C) 2009 American Institute of Physics. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3153975]“
“Background: Recent advances in the treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) have moved beyond the traditional use of alkylating agents and purine analogs into regimens combining these two chemotherapy classes with monoclonal antibodies.

The 2PEN-BPh oligomer was blended with bisphthalonitrile monomer, the curing reaction behaviors

of the blends were studied by FTIR, DSC, and rheological analysis. The thermal and thermo-oxidative stabilities of the 2PEN-BPh/BPh polymers were investigated by TGA, and the results showed that the completely cured polymers could achieve char yields up to 78% at 800 degrees C in nitrogen, above 11% at 800 degrees C in air. The whole research indicated that the 2PEN-BPh/BPh blends could efficiently improve the processability of BPh monomer without scarifying other desirable high temperature properties. (C) 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 119: 882-887, 2011″
“Beh sigma et’s disease (BD) is a multisystem disorder characterized by vasculitis. Pulmonary vascular problems

such as pulmonary artery aneurysms (PAA) are reported to indicate poor prognosis and high mortality. We describe see more a 43-year-old man who presented with life threatening bilateral PAA and thromboembolic disease due to BD. He was treated with prednisone and pulse cyclophosphamide LY3039478 nmr and was poorly responsive to the conventional immunosuppression. The introduction of adalimumab therapy stabilized his PAA. We report that the inhibition of TNF-alpha using the neutralizing monoclonal antibody adalimumab has the potential to induce rapid, complete, and long-lasting remission in a life-threatening manifestation of BD.”
“Pleural and pericardial effusion is a rare complication of severe hypothyroidism in children but can be present in 10 to 30 % of adults. Most pediatric cases have been in children with Down syndrome. In this report, six cases of pericardial effusion in children with severe hypothyroidism with and without trisomy 21 are presented. In all patients, the pericardial effusion was managed successfully without pericardiocentesis. The Quisinostat effusions resolved completely in 2 to 12 months after initiation of thyroxin replacement. In conclusion, hypothyroidism should be considered in any child with unexplained pericardial or pleural effusions. Early recognition

and treatment with thyroid hormone replacement could eliminate the need for unnecessary diagnostic procedures and invasive treatment measures and reduce the risk of progression to cardiac tamponade.”
“In this article, the synthesis and characterization of a new class of macromolecule water-soluble polymers with cyclodextrin sides were presented, which possess molecular recognition function. The polymer composed with three functional monomers was investigated through an infrared spectrometry and a scanning electron microscope. Then, the rheological properties and the interaction with surfactant of this series of polymer samples were evaluated and compared with polyacrylamide to prove that they have superior rheology performance.

“
“The efficiency of the bioconversion process and the achievable end-product concentration decides the economic feasibility of microbial 2,3-butanediol (2,3-BDO) production. In 2,3-BDO production, optimization of culture condition is required ACY-738 for cell growth and metabolism. Also, the pH is an important

factor that influences microbial performance. For different microorganisms and substrates, it has been shown that the distribution of the metabolites in 2,3-BDO fermentation is greatly affected by pH, and the optimum pH for 2,3-BDO production seems dependently linked to the particular strain and the substrate employed. Quantification analysis of intracellular metabolites and metabolic flux analysis (MFA) were used to investigate the effect of pH on the Klebsiella

oxytoca producing 2,3-BDO and other organic acids. The main objectives of MFA are the estimation of intracellular metabolic fluxes and the identification of rate-limiting step and the key enzymes. This study was conducted under continuous aerobic conditions at different dilution rates (0.1, 0.2, and 0.3 h(-1)) and different pH values (pH 5.5 and 7.0) for the steady-state experimental data. In order to obtain the flux distribution, the extracellular specific rates were calculated from the experimental data using the metabolic network model of K. oxytoca. Intracellular metabolite concentration GM6001 order GSK923295 in vivo profiles were generated using ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry.”
“Objective: To investigate the effects of glucagonlike peptidase-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists and dipeptidyl-peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitors on serum amylase and serum lipase levels in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Methods: In 90 patients with type 2 diabetes, treatment was initiated with 4 GLP-1 agonist or a DPP-4 inhibitor. A comparison group consisted

of 33 patients with type 2 diabetes and similar characteristics who were not prescribed these agents. Baseline serum amylase and lipase levels were measured in all patients and repeated periodically. We determined the percentage of. patients with elevated levels of serum amylase or lipase (or both) in both groups.

Results: Among all 90 patients who received a GLP-1 receptor agonist or a DPP-4 inhibitor, 32 (36%) had an increase in serum amylase or lipase (or both) in comparison with 6 of 33 patients (18%) with such increases in the comparison group. Interestingly, the serum lipase levels increased more than the serum amylase values in all groups. To ascertain that this was not a chance laboratory error, serum samples were submitted to a second independent laboratory, and the same results were obtained. Usually, use of the medication was discontinued when serum lipase or amylase values were found to be elevated at any level.

RESULTS: The DSAEK group comprised 32 eyes (28 patients) and the control group, 32 eyes. The mean anterior K, posterior K, and true net power were 42.53 diopters (D) +/- 1.52 (SD), -6.80 +/- 0.55 D, and 40.55 +/- 1.79 D, respectively, in the DSAEK group and 43.60 +/- 1.62 D, -6.20 +/- 0.31 D, and 42.49 +/- 1.57 D, respectively, in the control group. The posterior radius of curvature, anterior and posterior K values, and true net power were statistically significantly lower in DSAEK eyes than in control eyes (P<.01). The equivalent K readings were significantly lower in all zones in DSAEK eyes than in control eyes (P<.01). The mean CCT was significantly higher in DSAEK eyes than in control eyes (628 +/- 46

mu m versus 553 +/- 35 mu m) (P<.01).

CONCLUSION: The true net power of the cornea decreased significantly after DSAEK, mainly because of an increase in posterior curvature.”
“The magnetocapacitance Vorinostat order and magnetoresistance of Gd3Ba2Mn2Cu2O12 AZD7762 price (Gd-3222) has been measured in the temperature range of 2-300 K. The capacitance increases with increasing temperature from 2-300 K, and exhibits a steplike

feature at similar to 95 K (for 1 kHz). On increasing the probe frequency this step gets broaden and shifts to higher temperature similar to 150 K (for 75 kHz). The observation of frequency dependence in capacitance and dielectric loss (tan delta) exhibits Maxwell-Wagner type relaxor behavior in this compound. Magnetocapacitance was observed on the application of magnetic field. No observable magnetoresistance could be observed in this compound, indicating that the magnetoelectric coupling observed from the dielectric constant measurement with and without magnetic field, is of capacitive origin. The results Vactosertib mw of magnetocapacitance and magnetoresistance of the Gd-3222 compound are presented in the light of current interest in exploring manganite systems for multiferroic properties. (C) 2011 American Institute of Physics. [doi:10.1063/1.3540691]“
“This study aims to investigate the

role of Abscisic acid (ABA) in water potential and turgor variations as well as growth recovery during the first phase of a rapid water stress induced by PEG6000. Two wheat varieties (Triticum durum L.), MBB (more tolerant) and OZ (less productive under drought), were grown in aerated nutrient solutions. Leaf elongation kinetics of the growing leaf 3 was estimated using LVDT. Water potential was measured using a pressure chamber; osmotic potential was estimated from expressed sap of elongation zone, turgor pressure of the same zone of leaf three was estimated directly by pressure probe. Growth rapidly ceased for a period of about one hour after the addition of PEG, gradual recovery was then observed for about 2 h. A significant difference was found in the % recovery of Leaf Elongation Rate (LER) and ABA between the two varieties, leading to better water status in MBB compared to OZ.