Male Swiss albino mice were divided into three different groups (n= 6/group). ‘Control’ mice received arsenic free water together with normal feed. Mice in the remaining two groups designated ‘SA’ and ‘SA+PLE’ were exposed to BVD-523 clinical trial sodium arsenite (SA, 10 mu g/g body weight/day) through drinking water in addition to receiving normal feed and PLE-supplemented feed, respectively. The weight gain of SA-exposed mice was decreased compared with the controls; however, this decrease in body weight gain was prevented when the feed was supplemented with PLE. A secondary effect of arsenic was enlargement

of the liver, kidney and spleen of SA-group mice. Deposition of arsenic in those organs was demonstrated by ICP-MS. When PLE was supplemented in the feed the enlargement of the organs was minimized; however, the deposition of arsenic was not significantly reduced. These results indicated that PLE may not block arsenic

deposition in tissue BMS-345541 supplier directly but rather may play a protective role to reduce arsenic-induced toxicity. Therefore, co-administration of PLE in arsenic-exposed animals might have a future therapeutic application for protecting against arsenic-mediated toxicity.”
“ObectiveGlucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists are indicated for treatment of type 2 diabetes since they mimic the actions of native GLP-1 on pancreatic islet cells, stimulating insulin release, while inhibiting glucagon release, in a glucose-dependent manner. The observation of weight loss has led to exploration of their potential as antiobesity agents, with liraglutide https://www.selleckchem.com/products/AZD0530.html 3.0 mgday(-1) approved for weight management in the US on December 23, 2014, and in the EU on March 23, 2015. This review examines the potential nonglycemic effects of

GLP-1 receptor agonists. MethodsA literature search was conducted to identify preclinical and clinical evidence on nonglycemic effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists. ResultsGLP-1 receptors are distributed widely in a number of tissues in humans, and their effects are not limited to the well-recognized effects on glycemia. Nonglycemic effects include weight loss, which is perhaps the most widely recognized nonglycemic effect. In addition, effects on the cardiovascular, neurologic, and renal systems and on taste perception may occur independently of weight loss. ConclusionsGLP-1 receptor agonists may provide other nonglycemic clinical effects besides weight loss. Understanding these effects is important for prescribers in using GLP-1 receptor agonists for diabetic patients, but also if approved for chronic weight management.”
“Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) are one of the key histological lesions of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and are associated with brain atrophy.

This study underlines the importance of determining the genotype composition of a potential CTV pre-immunizing source on a range of inoculated host species before utilization.”
“Tree biomass influences biogeochemical cycles, climate, and biodiversity across

local to global scales. Understanding the environmental control of tree biomass demands consideration of the drivers of individual tree growth over their lifespan. This can be achieved by studies of tree growth in permanent sample plots (prospective studies) VX-680 in vitro and tree ring analyses (retrospective studies). However, identification of growth trends and attribution of their drivers demands statistical control of the axiomatic co-variation of tree size and age, and avoiding sampling Kinase Inhibitor Library ic50 biases at the stand, forest, and regional scales. Tracking and predicting the effects of environmental change on tree biomass requires well-designed studies that address the issues that we have reviewed.”
“Purpose: We examined in a prospective, randomized, international clinical trial the performance of a previously defined 30-gene predictor (DLDA-30) of pathologic complete response (pCR) to preoperative weekly paclitaxel and fluorouracil,

doxorubicin, and cyclophosphamide (T/FAC) chemotherapy, and assessed if DLDA-30 also predicts increased sensitivity to FAC-only chemotherapy. We compared the pCR rates after T/FAC versus FACx6 preoperative chemotherapy. We also did an exploratory analysis to identify novel candidate genes that differentially predict response in the two treatment arms.\n\nExperimental Design: Two hundred and seventy-three patients were randomly assigned to receive either weekly LGX818 chemical structure paclitaxel x 12 followed by FAC x 4 (T/FAC, n = 138), or FAC x 6 (n = 135) neoadjuvant chemotherapy. All patients underwent a pretreatment fine-needle aspiration

biopsy of the tumor for gene expression profiling and treatment response prediction.\n\nResults: The pCR rates were 19% and 9% in the T/FAC and FAC arms, respectively (P < 0.05). In the T/FAC arm, the positive predictive value (PPV) of the genomic predictor was 38% [95% confidence interval (95% CI), 21-56%], the negative predictive value was 88% (95% CI, 77-95%), and the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was 0.711. In the FAC arm, the PPV was 9% (95% CI, 1-29%) and the AUC was 0.584. This suggests that the genomic predictor may have regimen specificity. Its performance was similar to a clinical variable-based predictor nomogram.\n\nConclusions: Gene expression profiling for prospective response prediction was feasible in this international trial. The 30-gene predictor can identify patients with greater than average sensitivity to T/FAC chemotherapy. However, it captured molecular equivalents of clinical phenotype.

These results suggest that the n-hexane fraction of D. crassirhizoma and linoleic acid may be useful for controlling cariogenic biofilms.”
“Segmental identity along the anteroposterior axis of bilateral animals is specified by Hox genes. These genes encode transcription factors, harboring the conserved homeodomain and, generally, a YPWM motif, which binds Hox cofactors and increases Hox transcriptional

specificity in vivo. Here we derive synthetic Drosophila Antennapedia genes, consisting only of the YPWM motif and homeodomain, and investigate their functional role throughout development. Synthetic peptides and full-length Antennapedia proteins cause head-to-thorax transformations in the embryo, as well as antenna-to-tarsus and eye-to-wing transformations in the adult, thus converting the entire head to a mesothorax. This conversion is achieved GANT61 by repression of genes required for head and antennal development and ectopic activation of genes promoting thoracic and tarsal fates, respectively. Synthetic Antennapedia peptides bind DNA specifically JIB04 and interact

with Extradenticle and Bric-a-brac interacting protein 2 cofactors in vitro and ex vivo. Substitution of the YPWM motif by alanines abolishes Antennapedia homeotic function, whereas substitution of YPWM by the WRPW repressor motif, which binds the transcriptional corepressor Groucho, allows all proteins to act as repressors only. Finally, naturally occurring variations in the size of the linker between the homeodomain and YPWM motif enhance Antennapedia repressive or activating efficiency, emphasizing the importance of linker size, rather than sequence, for specificity. Our results clearly show that synthetic Antennapedia genes are functional in vivo and therefore provide powerful tools for synthetic biology. Moreover, the YPWM motif is necessary-whereas the

entire N terminus of the protein is dispensable-for Antennapedia homeotic function, indicating its JPH203 clinical trial dual role in transcriptional activation and repression by recruiting either coactivators or corepressors.”
“Visit-to-visit variability (VVV) of blood pressure is associated with cardiovascular disease. The authors examined the effects of visit number and timing and automated or manual measurement device on VVV in the placebo arm of the Trial of Preventing Hypertension (TROPHY) (N=225) and simulations. VVV was assessed using intra-individual standard deviation (SD), range, maximum, coefficient of variation, successive variation, and average real variability of systolic blood pressure. VVV increased with number of visits used to calculate it in the TROPHY population (P for trend <.05 for all metrics) and simulations. Using consecutive visits in TROPHY, average SD was 5.6 mm Hg from 3 visits, 6.8 mm Hg from 7 visits, and 7.7 mm Hg from 18 visits. When 7 visits were spread out across 4 years, the average SD was higher (7.

Here we demonstrate one-pot enzymatic conversion of pretreated biomass to starch through a nonnatural synthetic enzymatic pathway composed of endoglucanase, cellobiohydrolyase,

cellobiose phosphorylase, and alpha-glucan phosphorylase originating from bacterial, fungal, and plant sources. A special polypeptide cap in potato alpha-glucan phosphorylase was essential to push a partially hydrolyzed intermediate of cellulose forward to the synthesis of amylose. Up to 30% of the anhydroglucose units in cellulose were converted to starch; Ro-3306 the remaining cellulose was hydrolyzed to glucose suitable for ethanol production by yeast in the same bioreactor. Next-generation biorefineries based on simultaneous enzymatic biotransformation and microbial fermentation could address the food, biofuels, and environment trilemma.”
“OBJECTIVE: To investigate the crude extracts of Ichnocarpus frutescens (I. frutescens) for antiobesity CP-868596 nmr effect.\n\nMETHODS: Leaves of I. frutescens were sequentially extracted with hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol and their effect on viability

of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were evaluated. Based on this the apoptosis on preadipocytes was confirmed by DNA fragmentation and LDH (Lactate dehydrogenase) leakage assays. Anti-adipogenesis was performed by oil red O (ORO) staining and free glycerol release in the medium of differentiated adipocytes.\n\nRESULTS: The hexane extract of I. frutescens (IFHE) inhibited cell viability in a time- and dose-related manner. An increased release of LDH, as a marker of membrane integrity,

was observed at a dose of 200 mu g/mL. The discontinuous DNA fragments on agarose gel electrophoresis showed the apoptotic effect of the IFHE. Morphological observations of cells stained with ORO showed a decrease in cellular lipid content at the concentrations tested compared to the induced control cells. In the experiment of lipolytic activity, treatment with IFHE enhanced glycerol secretion with the rates of approximately 28%, 55%, and 46% at the concentrations of 100, 200 and 300 mu g/mL, respectively.\n\nCONCLUSIONS: The observed properties DAPT clearly revealed the medicinal property of I. frutescens in the treatment of obesity.”
“Objective To analyse the results of an action research process, the aim of which is to involve patients in fundamental psychiatric genomics research, against theoretical backgrounds that formulate a Dialogue Model for patient involvement.\n\nBackground Mixed views continue to exist about the value, appropriateness and potential of involving consumers and patients in basic medical research. There is a need to learn from practical examples.\n\nDesign An action research process was set up to facilitate and stimulate the involvement of a Dutch patient organization and a family organization in a psychiatric research consortium.

The G+C content of genomic DNA was 35 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the new isolate belonged to the class Epsilonproteobacteria, but the isolate www.selleckchem.com/Proteasome.html was distantly related to the previously described Epsilonproteobacteria

species potentially at the genus level (< 90 %). On the basis of its physiological and molecular characteristics, strain 496Chim(T) (=DSM 22050(Icurrency sign) = JCM 15747(Icurrency sign) = NBRC 105224(Icurrency sign)) represents the sole species of a new genus, Thiofractor, for which the name Thiofractor thiocaminus is proposed.”
“Recurrent neural networks (RNNs) are useful tools for learning nonlinear relationships between time-varying inputs and outputs with complex temporal dependencies. Recently developed algorithms have been successful at training RNNs to perform a wide variety XMU-MP-1 order of tasks, but the resulting networks have been treated as black boxes: their mechanism of operation remains unknown. Here we explore the hypothesis that fixed points, both stable and unstable, and the linearized dynamics around them, can reveal crucial aspects of how RNNs implement their computations. Further, we explore the utility

of linearization in areas of phase space that are not true fixed points but merely points of very slow movement. We present a simple optimization technique that is applied to trained RNNs to find the fixed and slow points of their dynamics. Linearization around these slow regions can be used to explore, or reverse-engineer, the behavior of the RNN. We describe the technique, illustrate it using simple examples, and finally showcase it on three high-dimensional RNN examples: a 3-bit flip-flop device, an input-dependent sine wave generator, and a two-point moving average. In all cases, the mechanisms of trained networks could be inferred from the sets Pevonedistat of fixed and slow points and the linearized dynamics around them.”
“Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a widespread and persistent beta-herpesvirus. The large DNA genome of HCMV encodes many proteins that are non-essential

for viral replication including numerous proteins subverting host immunosurveillance. One of them is the barely characterized UL20, which is encoded adjacent to the well-defined immunoevasins UL16 and UL18. UL20 is a type I transmembrane glycoprotein with an immunoglobulin-like ectodomain that is highly polymorphic among HCMV strains. Here, we show that the homodimeric UL20, by virtue of its cytoplasmic domain, does not reach the cell surface but is targeted to endosomes and lysosomes. Accordingly, UL20 exhibits a short half-life because of rapid lysosomal degradation. Trafficking of UL20 to lysosomes is determined by several, independently functioning dileucine-based sorting motifs in the cytoplasmic domain of UL20 and involves the adaptor protein (AP) complex AP-1.

“
“Background: Sarcoidosis is a multi-system disorder characterised by non-caseating granulomas. Coexistence of sarcoidosis with immune-mediated and chronic inflammatory diseases has been described in case series. However, the coexistence of two different diseases in individuals can occur by chance, even if each of the diseases is rare.\n\nAim: To determine whether sarcoidosis necessitating hospital admission or day-case care coexists with a range

of immune-mediated and chronic inflammatory diseases more commonly than expected by chance.\n\nDesign: Analysis of an epidemiological database of hospital admission and day-case statistics, spanning 30 years.\n\nResults: 1510 patients with sarcoidosis were identified (mean age 44 years, median follow-up 19 years) who had been admitted to hospital JNK-IN-8 manufacturer or day-case care. Significant associations in the sarcoidosis cohort were identified with systemic lupus erythematosus (odds ratio (OR) 8.3; 95% CI 2.7 to 19.4), autoimmune chronic

hepatitis (OR 6.7; 95% CI 1.8 to 17.1), multiple sclerosis (OR 3.3; 95% CI 1.7 to 5.6), coeliac disease (OR 3.1; 95% CI 1.01 to 7.3), thyrotoxicosis (OR 2.5; 95% CI 1.4 to 4.0), myxoedema (OR 2.2; 95% CI 1.2 to 3.7) and ulcerative colitis (OR 2.1; 95% CI 1.1 to 3.7). Weaker associations were found for diabetes mellitus with a first admission aged 30-49 years (OR 2.9; 95% CI 2.1 to 4.0) or age > 50 (OR 1.7; 95% CI 1.2 to 2.3), but not for people age < 30. No significant association with Crohn’s disease (OR 1.52; 95% CI 0.61 to 3.14) or primary biliary OSI906 cirrhosis (OR 3.75; 95% CI 0.77 to 11.0), was found. When all immune-mediated and chronic inflammatory diseases for which associations were sought were combined, the overall rate ratio associated with sarcoidosis was 2.2 (95% CI 1.9 to 2.6).\n\nConclusion: This study adds epidemiological evidence to information from clinical reports that

there is a connection between sarcoidosis and other immune-mediated and chronic inflammatory diseases.”
“The cellular carbohydrate, protein SB525334 in vivo and fatty acid content of three cyanobacterial strains belong to the genera Aphanocapsa sp. (NTK28) and Nostoc species (NTK29 and NTY30) isolated from cyanolichens analyzed. Among the three cyanobacterial species, Nostoc sp. (NTK 29) showed the maximum of total carbohydrate, protein and lipid content about 25, 15 and 14%, respectively. Gas chromatographic analysis showed that, three cyanobacterial isolates has an array of fatty acids. A total of 17 fatty acids both saturated and unsaturated were detected from three cyanobacterial isolates. Among these, 8 types fell under saturated and 9 types unsaturated fatty acids which comprise mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids including omega 9, omega 6 and omega 3 found in the organisms. Single fatty acid stearic acid (C18:0) was commonly present in three cyanobacterial isolates whereas, eicosedienoic acid (20: 1) omega 9 was present in single cyanobacterium Nostoc sp (NTK29).

santomea and D. yakuba revealed that the strong D. santomea enhancer activity evolved from a weak ancestral activity. Because each mutation on the path from the D. yakuba/santomea ancestor to modern-day

D. santomea contributes to the newly derived optic lobe enhancer activity, we sought here to use this system to study the path of evolution of enhancer sequences. We inferred likely paths of evolution of this enhancer by observing the transcriptional output of all possible intermediate steps between the ancestral D. yakuba/santomea enhancer and the modern D. santomea enhancer. Many possible paths had epistatic and cooperative effects. Furthermore, we found that several paths significantly increased ectopic transcriptional activity selleck chemicals llc or affected Quizartinib Angiogenesis inhibitor existing enhancer activities from which the novel activity was co-opted. We suggest that these attributes highlight constraints that guide the path of evolution of enhancers.”
“Chronic wounds represent an aberrant biochemistry that creates a toxic proteolytic milieu which can be detrimental to the healing process. Rebalancing the wound microenvironment and addressing elevated protease activity (EPA) could therefore help facilitate healing. To understand how clinicians currently diagnose and manage excessive proteolytic activity, 183 survey responses from US wound specialists were collated and analysed to find out their perceptions on the role of proteases.

The majority of respondents (>98%) believed proteases were important in wound healing and that a point-of-care (POC) protease test could be useful. This study yielded a low response rate (71%, n = 183); however, there were adequate data to draw significant conclusions. Specialists perceived that fibrin, slough, granulation tissue and rolled wound edges could indicate

EPA. About 43% of respondents, however, failed to give a correct response when asked to review photographs to determine if excessive protease activity was present, and buy OICR-9429 the perceived visual signs for EPA did not correlate with the wounds that had EPA; no statistical differences between professions were observed. Respondents chose debridement, wound cleansing and advanced therapies as important in reducing excessive protease activity. It was concluded that specialists have a need for POC diagnostic tests. On the basis of the responses to wound photos, it was determined that there were no visual cues clinicians could use in determining excessive protease activity. Additional research is recommended to evaluate the efficacy of a POC diagnostic test for protease activity and the treatments and therapies applied when EPA is found.”
“In this paper, a comparative study of three proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell (FC) models is performed in order to choose the best model for its integration in the modelling of the hybrid propulsion system of a tramway.

0, 5.0 and 10 mu M IBA. Four types of potting media comprising of sand, peat, sand + top soil + goat dung (3: 2: 1 v/v) and top soil + sand (1: 1 v/v) were evaluated during acclimatization of the plantlets. Prolific shoot regeneration from scalps was obtained on MS medium containing 2.5 mu M BAP, at 9.61 and 40.6 shoots per explant after 4 and 8 weeks of culture, respectively. Meanwhile, the highest mean shoot height of 2.19 cm was attained on MS medium with 1.0 mu M CBL0137 BAP after 8 weeks of culture. Full-strength

MS medium supplemented with 5.0 mu M IBA produced the highest mean number of roots per explant at 15.08, while the highest mean root length of 11.07 cm was obtained on hormone-free half strength MS medium at week 4 of culture. The highest plant survivability of 77.5% was achieved in potting medium consisting of top soil + sand + goat dung after 6 weeks of acclimatization. The plants were morphologically normal with vigorous stems and broad green leaves.”
“Four new 1.2.4-triazole-based azo-azomethine dyes were synthesized via condensation of 3,5-diamino-1,2,4-triazole with azo-coupled o-vanillin precursors. The prepared dyes were characterized by IR. UV-vis and H-1 NMR spectroscopic methods as well as elemental analyses. Thermal properties of the prepared dyes were examined

by thermogravimetric analysis. Results indicated that the framework of the dyes was stable up IWR-1-endo purchase to 225 degrees C. Also, the influence of various factors including time and mixed DMSO/EtOH solution on UV-vis spectra of the dyes were investigated. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All Cl-amidine concentration rights reserved.”
“Overexpression of the multidrug efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (Pgp) at the bloodbrain

barrier (BBB) is thought to be involved in pharmacoresistance in epilepsy by extruding antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) from their target site. To explore this hypothesis, positron emission tomography (PET) scans were performed with the Pgp substrateverapamil (VPM) in animal models before and after status epilepticus (SE) and in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) and healthy controls. In addition to baseline scans, a second VPM-PET scan was performed after administration of the Pgp inhibitor tariquidar (TQD), showing that VPM uptake at baseline and its increase after Pgp inhibition are reduced in animals following SE compared to baseline, and in refractory TLE relative to healthy controls. In animal models, brain regions with increased Pgp expression (cerebellum, thalamus, and hippocampus) showed reduced influx rate constants from blood to brain, K-1, of the radiolabeled Pgp substrate relative to control animals. In human studies, preliminary findings are lower K-1 values in refractory compared to seizure-free patients and attenuated increase of K-1 for temporal lobe regions in patients with TLE compared to healthy controls.

Like the process that generated mitochondria and plastids, the endosymbiosis in trypanosomatids depends on pathways that facilitate the intensive metabolic exchanges between the bacterium and the host protozoan. A search of the annotated symbiont genome database identified one sequence with

identity to porin-encoding genes of the genus Bordetella. Considering that the symbiont outer membrane has a great accessibility to cytoplasm host factors, it was important to characterize this single porin-like protein using biochemical, molecular, computational and ultrastructural approaches. Antiserum against the recombinant porin-like VX 770 molecule revealed that it is mainly located in the symbiont envelope. Secondary structure analysis and comparative modelling predicted the protein 3D structure as an 18-domain beta-barrel, which is consistent with AZD5582 mouse porin channels. Electrophysiological measurements showed that the porin displays a slight preference for cations over

anions. Taken together, the data presented herein suggest that the C. deanei endosymbiont porin is phylogenetically and structurally similar to those described in Gram-negative bacteria, representing a diffusion channel that might contribute to the exchange of nutrients and metabolic precursors between the symbiont and its host cell.”
“P>Introduction\n\nA variety of influences determine prescribing behaviour. The purpose of this study was to characterize selleck chemical the pattern of dispensing for glucose-lowering and monitoring in the UK from 2000 to 2008, inclusively.\n\nMethods\n\nOpen source data were used from the four UK prescription pricing agencies. Historical patterns of dispensing change were analysed in England, thus data are for England unless otherwise stated. Costs were adjusted for price inflation and reported in UK pound at 2008 prices.\n\nResults\n\nThe

total cost in the UK in 2008 was 702 pound 239 000: 22 pound 897 000 (3.2%) for Northern Ireland, 37 pound 681 000 (5.3%) for Wales, 57 pound 146 000 (8.1%) for Scotland and 590 pound 514 000 (83.4%) for England. As a per cent of the overall primary care drug budget for each region, this represented 6.9% overall and then 5.8, 6.5, 5.9 and 7.1%, respectively. In England, diabetes-related dispensing costs increased from 290m pound to 591m pound. All glucose-lowering drug classes increased in volume, except the alpha-glucoside inhibitors and the prandial glucose regulators. Insulin costs increased from 128m pound to 286m pound. Insulin glargine metrics increased year-on-year, whereas neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) declined. Analogue insulin increased (2.6 million to 33.9 million prescription items), whereas human insulin declined (21.0 million to 10.3 million).

“
“Objectives: Aberrant intra-epithelial Selleck Vorinostat lymphocytes (IELs) are the hallmark of refractory coeliac disease type II RCDII and considered a premalignant cell population from which aggressive enteropathy-associated T cell lymphoma (EATL) can evolve. The aim of this study was to gain further insight in the origin and characteristics of aberrant IELs by analysing T-cell receptor (TCR) rearrangements, and by immunophenotypic analysis of aberrant IELs.\n\nDesign: Duodenal biopsies from 18 RCDII patients and three RCDII cell lines were analysed for the presence of TCR delta, gamma, and beta rearrangements. In addition, IELs isolated from biopsies derived from RCDII patients

were phenotypically analysed.\n\nResults: Aberrant IELs showed an upregulated expression of granzyme B and decreased expression of PCNA. TCR rearrangements in the aberrant IEL population in biopsies of RCDII patients were heterogenic, which is most likely due to a variation in maturity. Similarly,

RCDII cell lines displayed a heterogenic TCR rearrangement pattern.\n\nConclusion: Aberrant IELs originate from deranged immature T lymphocytes and display clear differentiation to a cytotoxic phenotype. Aberrant IELs displayed different stages of maturity between RCDII patients, of which only the patients Selleckchem Quisinostat harbouring the most mature aberrant IEL population developed an EATL. (C) 2012 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.”
“Purpose: To describe the utility of using wide-angle digital imaging in the training for retinopathy of prematurity with laser and in identifying common locations of skip areas that were present after initial panretinal photocoagulation with indirect ophthalmoscopy by ophthalmologists-in-training.\n\nMethods: Retrospective review of digital LY3023414 mw retinal images of 22 eyes of 12 infants who had undergone laser treatment for retinopathy of prematurity performed by ophthalmologistsin- training. Presence of skip areas was determined by masked review of photographs. The location of skip areas was

classified based on two axes: 1) circumferential (in one of six clock-hour regions) and 2) radial (adjacent to the retinal ridge, adjacent to the ora serrata, or isolated patches of greater than one laser burn width).\n\nResults: A total of 30 skip areas were identified in the 22 eyes treated with laser photocoagulation. Based on the circumferential location, a significant difference in skip area distribution was found (P = 0.02). Regions with the highest percentage of skip areas were between the clock hours 11: 00 to 1: 00 (45%) and 5: 00 to 7: 00 (41%). Based on the radial location, 40% of all skip areas were found near the ora serrata, 17% near the ridge, and 43% as isolated patches (P = 0.14).\n\nConclusion: Skip areas after indirect panretinal laser photocoagulation by ophthalmologists-in-training were easily visualized by wide-angle digital imaging, after being missed by the trainee during the initial treatment procedure.