In ovarian cancer, very limited number of studies has directly examined the effect of altering CLU expression on cell death and survival. Thus, prognostic significance of CLU expression in ovarian Selleckchem SAHA HDAC cancer patients remains controversial [26–29]. To establish the clinical significance of CLU as a potential molecular target to predict survival in ovarian cancer patients, we conducted this study. Methods

Cell line Human ovarian cancer cell line, KF, was provided as a generous gift by Dr. Yoshihiro Kikuchi, National Defence Medical College, Saitama, Japan. Another ovarian adenocarcinoma cell lines, SKOV-3 and OVK-18 cells, were purchased from ATCC, and clear cell carcinoma cell lines, KOC-7c and TU-OC-1, were provided as a generous gift by Dr. Junzo Kigawa, Tottori

University, Japan. All cell lines were maintained in RPMI-1640 supplemented with 2 mM L-glutamine, and 10% FCS (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) OVK18 cells, maintained in DMEM supplemented with 2 mM L-glutamine and 10% FCS (Sigma). Both KF-TX and SKOV-3-TX clone were established from parental cell lines KF and find more SKOV-3, respectively by maintaining each clone in increasing sublethal concentration of TX (up to 10 nM for KF-TX and 2 nM for SKOV-3-TX) for more than ten months then IC50 of each clone was determined by the viability assay after three days treatment. Antibodies and reagents Mouse anti-human CLU (clone 41 D, Upstate Biotechnology, Lake Placid, NY, USA) was used at 1:1,000 dilution for western blotting. Immunoblotting detection was done with anti-mouse secondary horseradish-peroxidase-conjugated antibodies (Dako) diluted 1:2,000. TX was supplied by Bristol-Myers Co. Ltd. (Japan). We then prepared Selleckchem C59 stock solution by diluting TX in the media

at a final concentration of 4 μM and further working dilutions were carried out to reach the desired concentration. Antisense oligodeoxynucleotide against CLU (OGX-011) was provided by Oncogenex (Canada). Transient transfection of KF-TX cells with si-RNA or OGX-011 To knock down the expression of CLU, siRNA or OGX-011 was used in this study. Validated siRNA oligomers directed against the s-CLU mRNA leader endoplasmic reticulum signal peptide (s-CLU-siRNA) [30] and a control sequence which does not match any gene sequence (Cont-siRNA) were synthesized by Ambion (USA): s-CLU-siRNA, 5-GCG UGC AAA GAC UCC AGAAdTdT-3 and 3-dTdTCGC ACG UUU CUG AGG UCU U-5; Cont-siRNA, 5-GCG CGC UUU GUA GGA UUC GdTdT-3 and 3-dTdTCGCGCG AAA CAU CCU AAG C-5. s-CLU-siRNA or cont-siRNA were transfected into ovarian cancer cells (105 cells/60-mm dish) using SiPORT Neofex (Ambion; USA) at a final concentration of 200 nM. KF-TX cells were cultured to 50% confluence. Transfection of OGX-011 was done twice using Effectine (Qiagen, Hilden, Germany) according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

Also, clinical relationships of IL-17 and IL-17 receptor family cytokines in HCC are still unknown. In this study, we demonstrated high expression of IL-17 and IL-17RE were promising predictors for poor outcome of HCC after resection, and activated human HSCs induced in vitro expansion of IL-17 producing CD4+ T cells, therefore indicating the intrinsic association among various inflammatory/immune cells and cytokines involved in the progress of tumor. Materials and methods Patients and specimens All archival

specimens were obtained from 300 consecutive HCC patients after surgical resection in 2007 (Table 1). A total of 111 serum samples of preoperative and postoperative this website (at 5 days) HCC and preoperative haemangioma patients were prospectively learn more collected at our hospital from January to July in 2011. Haemangioma patients had normal liver function in this cohort relative to normal, age matched donors. The experimental protocols

described in this study complied with the Ethics Review Committee of Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, and every patient provided written informed consent before enrollment. Table 1 Peritumoral and intratumoral IL-17RE expression according to characteristics of 300 HCC patients Characteristics Peritumoral IL-17RE Intratumoral IL-17RE     Low high p Low high p     n = 176 n = 124   n = 221 n = 79   Gender Male 144 109 0.197 187 66 0.857   Female 32 15 34 13     Age(years) ≤53 90 67 0.640 121 36 0.190

  >53 86 57 100 43     ALT(U/L) ≤75 154 109 1.000 193 70 0.844   >75 22 15 28 9     AFP(ng/ml) >20 104 87 0.52 138 53 0.498   ≤20 72 37   83 26   Hepatitis history Yes 130 88 0.601 62 20 0.769   No 46 36 159 59     Cirrhosis Yes 155 110 1.000 199 66 0.152   No 21 14 22 13     Vascular invasion Yes 38 46 0.004 61 23 0.884   No 138 78 160 56     Encapsulation Yes 89 68 0.483 114 43 0.695   No 87 56 107 36     Number Single 155 108 0.859 196 67 0.425   Multiple 21 16 25 12     Size(cm) ≤5 122 72 0.50 145 49 0.585   >5 54 52 76 30     Differentiation I-II 128 92 0.793 166 54 0.299   III-IV 48 32 55 25     TNM stage I 129 73 0.012 150 52 0.780   II-III 47 51 71 27     IL-17RE: interleukin-17receptor E; AFP: alpha Rutecarpine fetoprotein; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; TNM, tumor-node-metastasis. Tissue microarray design and immunocytochemistry TMAs were constructed as described previously [20]. All patients were monitored postoperatively until January 2012. The total numbers of positive cells of each core were evaluated by two independent investigators blind to clinical outcome and knowledge of the clinicopathologic data. Positive staining cells were screened (100X) and four most representative areas were observed (400X) to count using a Leica DMLA light microscope (Leica Microsystems, Wetzlar, Germany). Data were expressed as the mean (±SE) number cells for one computerized 400X microscopic field based on the triplicate samples obtained from each patient.

If the study did not report mean and standard deviation (SD), these parameters were estimated from median and range in the study using method described by Hozo et al. [20]. Heterogeneity

of the studies was assessed using Cochran Q test and a degree of heterogeneity was quantified using I2. If either I2 ≥ 25% or the Q test was significant, the intervention effects were considered heterogeneous. A meta-regression was performed by fitting co-variables (i.e. age group, type of patients, LDE225 chemical structure and use of perioperative antibiotics) into a model to explore sources of heterogeneity. A subgroup or sensitivity analysis was done accordingly if a source of heterogeneity was suggested. The Egger test and a funnel plot were performed to assess publication bias [21, 22]. If publication bias was suspected either by Egger test or a funnel plot, a contour enhanced-funnel plot and meta-trim and fill Barasertib supplier were applied where appropriated. Analyses were done using STATA version 12.0. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant, except for heterogeneity where

0.10 was used. Results A total of 1348 studies (145 and 1328 studies from Medline and Scopus, respectively) were identified after removing duplicates. Screening titles and abstracts were performed and removed 1317 non-relevant studies with reason described in Figure  1, leaving 9 eligible studies to review [7, 16–18, 23–27]

(see Figure  1). One study [27] had insufficient data and thus was later Rolziracetam excluded after attempting to contact the author twice; leaving 8 studies included in further poolings. Figure 1 Studies selection flow. Characteristics of these 8 eligible studies have been demonstrated in Table  1. Most (5/8) RCTs had studied in patients with complicated appendicitis [16, 18, 23–25], 2 studied in mixed complicated appendicitis and other type of contaminated abdominal diseases (e.g. typhoid perforation, traumatic bowel injury) [7, 26], and 1 RCT with ileostomy closure [17]. Studied patients were adults or mixed of adults and children in most studies (6/8) whereas only 2 studies were in children. All studies had performed open surgeries, 5/8 had prescribed prophylaxis antibiotics. Table 1 Characteristics of eligible studies Study Diseases Age group Incision Prophylaxis antibiotics Follow up time   Intervention Pettigrew 1981 [24] Perforated and gangrenous appendicitis Adults and children Abdominal right lower quadrant (grid iron) and paramedian No 4 weeks PC (n = 80) Interrupted nylon sutures (with topical ampicillin in group B (n = 39) DPC (n =42) Dressing changed was not specified.

There are some narrow gaps in the GaN nanowall especially at the bottom part, as shown in Figure 5a. As growth continues, these gaps tend to disappear as indicated by blue circles. It seems that the GaN nanowall evolves from the coalescence of nanocolumns. Coalescence of closely spaced GaN nanowires buy Doxorubicin has been

reported [24, 25]. In addition, the evolution of ZnO nanowires to nanowall was directly observed on an Au-coated sapphire substrate as growth continues [26]. Electron diffraction patterns taken from the Si substrate, AlN/GaN multilayer, and GaN are presented in Figure 5b. The electron diffraction pattern of GaN was measured with an incident beam direction of [1–100]. From these results, it is indicated that the GaN nanowall grows along the C axis, vertically aligning with the GaN [0001]//Si [111] direction. Figure 5 GaN nanowall network grown with a N/Ga ratio of 400. (a) TEM image and (b) electron diffraction patterns. Room temperature photoluminescence spectra of the GaN network grown with various N/Ga ratios were

measured to investigate the influence of the N/Ga ratio on the optical quality of the GaN network, as shown in Figure 6. For the sample grown with a N/Ga ratio of 980, there is a dominant emission peak centered at 418 nm (2.97 eV) together with a weak peak at 363 nm. According to literature [27], 2-/3-, -/2-, and 0/- transition levels of gallium vacancy (V Ga) are 1.5, 1.0, and 0.5 eV above valence band, respectively. The energy difference of 2.97 eV between

the conduction band and 0/- transition level agrees well with the emission peak GPCR Compound Library clinical trial centered at 418 nm. Therefore, considering that the GaN nanonetwork was grown in a nitrogen-rich condition and that the V Ga defect favors to form in this growth condition, the emission peak at 418 nm is attributed to V Ga. Figure 6 Photoluminescence spectra of GaN nanowall networks grown with different N/Ga ratios. With the decrease of the N/Ga ratio, the intensity of the emission peak centered at 363 nm increases fast and becomes dominant this website for the samples grown with N/Ga ratios smaller than 800. Meanwhile, the violet emission at 418 nm decreases gradually with the N/Ga ratio and disappears for the samples grown with N/Ga ratios less than 400. Only the band edge emission at 363 nm with a FWHM of about 12.8 nm is observed in the spectra corresponding to N/Ga ratios of 400 and 300, indicating that GaN networks grown under these conditions are of high quality. Four ohmic contact Ti (20 nm)/Al (100 nm) electrodes were deposited by electron beam evaporation in the four corners of the 8 × 8 mm Si-doped GaN nanowall network sample grown with a N/Ga ratio of 400 to investigate its electronic properties. The thickness of the Si-doped GaN is 300 nm. The current–voltage curve was measured as shown in Figure 7.

Furthermore, the BAX system failed to detect one sample inoculated with 5 CFU/25 g of S. Agona. The same sample was detected using the real-time PCR method although the Ct value was rather high (Ct value of 33). Finally, two samples (5 CFU/25 g of S. Infantis and 2 CFU/25 g of S. Agona) were not detected by the real-time PCR method although being positive with the BAX system. For one of these samples, however, the IAC was negative as well, prompting a re-examination of the sample. However, at low inoculation levels the cell number added can vary due of statistical reasons thereby affecting the probability

of detection [23]. From these data, it can be concluded that the real-time PCR is equivalent to the BAX system in detecting Salmonella AZD4547 in learn more artificially contaminated meat samples Conclusion In conclusion, the real-time

PCR method was validated in comparative and collaborative trials according to guidelines given by NordVal. The PCR method was found to perform well. Results from this study together with published data on selectivity of the real-time PCR assay [6] formed the basis for obtaining NordVal approval as an alternative method for detection of Salmonella in meat and environmental (carcass swabs) samples [24]. After a successful comparison with a commercially available SYBR-Green PCR-based method currently used by a number of meat producers, the real-time PCR method is now being implemented as a routine analysis method by leading poultry and pork producers in Denmark for qualitative detection of Salmonella in raw meat and carcass swabs. Methods DNA extraction Five-ml aliquots from the pre-enrichments were drawn for DNA-extraction. For the automated DNA extraction method, the aliquots were centrifuged at 3000 × g for 5 min, and DNA-extraction performed on a KingFisher (Thermo Labsystems, Helsinki, Finland), as previously described [13], using a DNA isolation kit for blood, stool, cells and tissue (Magnesil KF, Genomic system, Promega, Madison, WI) as specified by the

manufacturer with a total of 75 μl of magnetic particles. Real-time PCR A TaqMan real-time PCR method [6], targeting a region within the ttrRSBCA locus, for the specific detection Galeterone of Salmonella, was employed as previously described [13] using 9 μl of the purified DNA as template in a total reaction volume of 25 μl. Reference culture based method The detection of Salmonella spp. was conducted in accordance with the recommendations from the Nordic Committee on Food Analyses (NMKL) [3] as previously described [13]. However, 25 g of sample (meat) or one swab was transferred to pre-heated buffered peptone water (1:10, BPW; Oxoid, Basingstoke, United Kingdom) and incubated at 37°C for 18 ± 2 h.

Antagonism of TGF-β can lead to two opposite effects depending on the time. Early TGF-β inhibition, SB525334 molecular weight within the first 24 h

after AMI, can increase levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and infiltration of neutrophils, and consequently intensify the expression of MMPs which may result in aggravation of LV dysfunction and increase the rate of mortality [8]. Conversely, TGF-β antagonism after this time can have beneficial effects by reducing the extent of fibrotic and hypertrophic changes in the myocardium [9, 29, 30]. In the present study, we found that NAC did not have any significant effect on the level of TGF-β at 24 h, the time at which its inhibition can have a detrimental outcome. However, NAC administration could prevent TGF-β from increasing at 72 h as compared with patients receiving placebo, the time at which the proliferative

phase of remodeling will start, and therefore its suppression could have favorable therapeutic effects. Higher serum concentrations of TGF-β had strong positive correlations with LV systolic function and patients’ ejection fraction in the present study, which showed that a relationship existed between TGF-β and cardiac see more remodeling. This finding puts more emphasis on the necessity of TGF-β inhibition to prevent cardiac remodeling and its untoward consequences. As TGF-β was shown to promote extracellular matrix synthesis and collagen crosslink took place after MI, it could have an important role in the signaling pathway of LV remodeling [31]. An increased TGF-β level after MI was associated

with the development of heart failure secondary to cardiac remodeling [31]. In the present study, a significant association was found between serum concentrations of TGF-β and the presence of diabetes. This finding is in line with a previous study, which showed a relationship between elevated serum concentrations of TGF-β and diabetes after considering demographic, MRIP anthropometric, metabolic, and lifestyle factors [32]. This could be explained by the mechanism of insulin resistance as inflammation can be an important factor in its development and thus the incidence of diabetes [33]. Another association was between a history of statin use and the level of TGF-β. TGF-β is one of the most important mediators of cardiomyocyte fibrosis and hypertrophic growth through the action of Smad proteins as an essential component of the intracellular signaling pathway [34]. Statins can suppress the up-regulation of TGF-β induced by angiotensin and the resultant cardiac remodeling and systolic dysfunction [35, 36]. This suppression can be attributed to the inhibition of superoxide production favored by angiotensin [36]. Thus, the low level of TGF-β in patients receiving statins as observed in the present study is a reasonable finding. The other finding of this study was the relationship between the coronary angiography finding, in particular stenosis of the LMCA, and TGF-β levels.

CrossRef 52. Lu SY, Tang CW, Lin YH, Kuo HF, Lai YC, Tsai MY, Ouyang H, Hsu WK: TiO 2 -coated carbon nanotubes: a redshift enhanced photocatalysis at visible light. Appl Phys Lett 2010, 96:231915–231913.CrossRef 53. Jiang G, Zheng X, Wang Y, Li T, Sun X: Photo-degradation

of methylene blue by multi-walled carbon nanotubes/TiO 2 composites. Powder Technol 2011, 207:465–469.CrossRef 54. Tian L, Ye L, Deng K, Zan L: TiO 2 /carbon nanotube hybrid nanostructures: solvothermal synthesis and their visible light photocatalytic activity. J Solid State Chem 2011, 184:1465–1471.CrossRef Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Authors’ contributions FKMA, MHHJ and SR participated in the design of the study. FKMA modified the microwave and prepared and characterized the hybrid nanocatalyst. NJR and AAU participated Alectinib in the analysis of the experimental results. MAY gave his help on the BET measurement and analysis. FKMA and MHHJ jointly prepared the manuscript. All authors read and approved LY294002 molecular weight the final manuscript.”
“Background The advent of new commercial markets for the hybrid electric vehicle and the large-scale energy storage system urges the development of novel battery systems with much higher energy density and lower price than the conventional Li-ion

battery based on the transition metal oxide and graphite [1, 2]. For decades, lithium-sulfur battery has been investigated as a viable candidate to meet these requirements due to its high theoretical energy density of over 2,500 Wh/kg and the low material cost of sulfur [3, 4]. The lithium-sulfur battery utilizes a series of conversion reactions of elemental sulfur (S8) to lithium sulfide (Li2S) on the cathode, resulting in a high cathodic capacity of 1,678 mAh g−1. These reactions involve complex intermediate steps, where various lithium polysulfides (Li2S n , 3 < n < 8) participate as temporary soluble species [5, 6]. Since the Clomifene solubilized lithium polysulfides can cause a significant shuttle reaction, and thus, an excessive

overcharge behavior may occur during the charge process, the dissolution of polysulfide species needs to be suppressed as much as possible. So far, many attempts have been made to control this phenomenon, with a partial success including an addition of mesoporous metal oxide to cathode [7], an encapsulation of sulfur nanoparticles by hollow metal oxide [8], and an adoption of the highly concentrated electrolyte system [9]. The other fundamental challenge of Li-S battery is associated with the insulating low electrical conductivity of sulfur (approximately 5.0 × 10−14 S/cm) which leads to poor electrochemical performance even at moderate current rate [5]. The formation of nano-composite cathode with conducting materials such as carbon and conducting polymer is a common tactic to tackle this issue.

Most perforations were located on the duodenum {78, 92.9%), whereas in the remaining six (7.1%) patients had their ulcers located on the stomach.

The duodenal to gastric ulcers ratio was 12.7: 1. The majority of patients, 82 (97.6%) had single perforation and the remaining 2 (2.4%) patients had both duodenal and gastric perforations. The mean age of the patients with gastric ulcers (56.4 ± 12.5) was significantly higher than that of those with duodenal ulcers (32.8 ± 14.4) (P = 0.002). The median size of the ulcer was 5.4 mm (2-20 mm). Seven (8.3%) of the perforations were found to be sealed. Thirteen (15.5%) BMN 673 in vivo of the perforations were of minimal size (≤5 mm) and sixty-four (76.2%) were massive (>10 mm). All perforations were found adhered with omentum and the nature of peritoneal fluid was sero- sanguineous in 34 (40.5%) patients, bilious in 28 (33.3%) patients and purulent in 14 (16.7%) patients. The amount of peritoneal fluid varied from 500 to 1000 mls with a median of 564 mls. The nature of peritoneal fluid was not documented in 8 (9.5%) patients. Histological examination of the biopsy specimens revealed no malignancy. All biopsies were not stained for Helicobacter

pylori. Surgical treatment The majority of patients, 70 (83.3%) had Graham’s omental patch of the perforations with either a pedicled omental patch or a free graft of omentum. Those Trametinib purchase with sealed perforations had peritoneal lavage with warm saline and mass closure of the abdomen. One patient had truncal vagotomy and Roux-en-Y gastro-jejunostomy in addition to simple closure. One patient who had a large ulcer, which penetrated to the pancreas and caused pyloric obstruction, underwent subtotal gastrectomy. Outcome of Treatment Post-operative

complications were recorded in 25 (29.8%) patients. Of these, surgical site infection (48.0%) was the most common post-operative complications (Table 2). The mean age of patients who developed complications was 52.4 ± 16.4 years, whereas the mean age of patients without complications was 32.6 ± 10.2 years. This age difference was statistically significant (P = 0.011). The complication rates for 0, 1, 2 and 3 Boey scores were 8.0%, 12.0%, AMP deaminase 20.0% and 60.0%, respectively (P = 0.002, Pearson χ2 test) Table 2 Post-operative complications (N = 25) Complications Frequency Percentage Surgical site infections 12 48.0 Post-operative pyrexia 9 36.0 Pulmonary infection 7 28.0 Intra-abdominal abscess 5 20.0 Wound dehiscence/burst abdomen 5 20.0 Re-perforation 4 16.0 Septic shock 3 12.0 Enterocutaneous fistula 3 12.0 Peritonitis 3 12.0 Incisional hernia 2 8.0 Cardiopulmonary arrest 2 8.0 Acute renal failure 1 4.0 Paralytic ileus 1 4.0 Table 3 shows predictors of complications according to univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis. The overall length of hospital stay (LOS) ranged from 1 to 48 days with a median of 14 days.

[14, 15]. The majority of these

defects can be repaired BTK inhibitor safely with non-absorbable sutures without the need for a prosthetic mesh [21, 28]. With an increase in the number of laparoscopic surgery performed, it is likely that this complication will increase. It is therefore important that surgeons be aware of this potentially serious complication by looking to the diaphragm in the end of each surgical procedure [29] Conclusion Iatrogenic herniation of abdominal contents after laparoscopic fenestration of liver cyst is a rare complication. Iatrogenic diaphragmatic injury can be missed during surgery. Surgeon must take precaution to avoid it by precise dissection when using the instruments during surgery. The incidence of iatrogenic diaphragmatic hernia after surgery may be reduced if a final look of diaphragm is systematically realized at the end of each laparoscopic operation. Consent Written informed consent was obtained from the patient for publication of this case report and accompanying images. References 1. Fabiani P, Mazza D, Toouli J, Bartels AM, Gugenheim J, Mouiel J: Laparoscopic fenestration

of symptomatic nonparasitic cysts of the liver. Br J Surg 1997, 84:321–322.PubMedCrossRef 2. Farges O, Bismuth H: Fenestration in the management of polycystic liver disease. World J Surg 1995, 19:25–30.PubMedCrossRef 3. Crandall M, Popowich D, Shapiro M, West M: Posttraumatic hernias: historical overwiew and review of the literature. Am Surg 2007, selleckchem 73:845.PubMed 4. Lin TY, Chen CC, Wang SM: Treatment of non-parasitic cystic disease of the liver: a new approach to therapy with polycystic liver. Ann Surg 1968, 168:921–927.PubMedCrossRef 5. Bai XL, Liang TB, Yu J, Wang WL, Shen Y, Zhang M,

Zheng SS: Long-term results of laparoscopic fenestration for patients with congenital liver cysts. Hepatobiliary Pancreat Dis Int 2007, 6:600–603.PubMed 6. Armstrong PA, Miller SF, Brown GR: Diaphragmatic hernia seen as a late complication of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Surg Endosc 1999, 13:817–818.PubMedCrossRef 7. Sugita M, Nagahori K, Kudo T, Yamanaka K, Obi Y, Shizawa R, Yoshimoto N, Shimada H: Diaphragmatic hernia resulting from injury during microwave-assisted laparoscopic hepatectomy. Surg Endosc 2003, pheromone 17:1849–1850.PubMedCrossRef 8. Ajarmeh K, Qassed N, Amireh A, Shuraydeh Z, Shabaneh M, Khraisat K: Iatrogenic left diaphragmatic hernia as a complication of hydatid splenectomy. J R Med Serv 2010,17(Supp 1):75–78. 9. Boyce S, Burgul R, Pepin F, Shearer C: Late presentation of a diaphragmatic hernia following laparoscopic gastric banding. Obes Surg 2008,18(11):1502–1504.PubMedCrossRef 10. Testini M, Vacca A, Lissidini G, Di Venere B, Gurrado A, Loizzi M: Acute intrathoracic gastric volvulus from a diaphragmatic hernia after left splenopancreatectomy: Report of a case. Surg Today 2006,36(11):981–984.PubMedCrossRef 11.

We screened a geographically diverse Selleckchem Torin 1 panel of 132 European isolates belonging to the B.Br.013 group and a geographically diverse panel of 25 Georgian isolates across lineage-specific assays to determine whether they were in the B.Br.026 or the Georgian (B.Br.027) lineages (see additional file 3, Table 2). MLVA All 25 Georgian isolates were screened with an 11-marker MLVA system (Additional file 4) [25]. This was done in order to determine the level of genetic diversity within each identified subclade. The MLVA Diversity (D) was calculated for each subclade using the following equation: G/N (G = MLVA genotypes; N = number of isolates). Diversity was not calculated for

subclades with a single isolate. Authors’ information GC, MS, National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia DNB, PhD, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona MK, PhD, National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia EZ, MS, National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia GB, MS, National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia NT, MD, Ph.D., National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia ST, MD, Ph.D., National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia PI, MD, Ph.D., National Center for Disease Control and Public Health, Tbilisi, Georgia

JF, Ph.D., U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, Maryland SMBS, PhD, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona JSBS,

BS, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Neratinib in vivo Phoenix, Arizona SS, MS, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, Arizona MDC, PhD, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, Arizona MG, DVM, MSc, Veterinary this website Medical Research Institute, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, Hungary AHP, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona ELK, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona JDB, PhD, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona TP, PhD, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona JTF, PhD, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona AJV, PhD, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona DMW, PhD, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, Arizona PK, PhD, Northern Arizona University, and Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, Arizona Acknowledgements This work was funded by the U.S. Department of Homeland Security S&T CB Division Bioforensics R&D Program. Note that the use of products/names does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Homeland Security of the United States. Electronic supplementary material Additional file 1: Francisella tularensis canSNP revised SCHU S4 positions. Provides the updated SCHU S4 genome positions for Melt-MAMA assays published in Vogler et al. 2009. (XLS 20 KB) Additional file 2: Coverage plot of Illumina short sequence reads for Georgian strain F0673 aligned to LVS.