WM, JO, AM-S have made substantial

contributions to patients sample collection. IM has made substantial contributions to conception and design, acquisition of data, analysis and interpretation of data, drafting the manuscript and revising it critically for important intellectual content. He has also given final approval of the version to be published.”
“Background Pituitary adenomas are common lesions and represent 20% of all primary brain tumors[1, 2]. The epidemiological studies BIRB 796 mouse have demonstrated that nearly 20% of the general population harbor pituitary adenomas[3, 4]. Pituitary adenomas are broadly classified into two groups[5]. In the first category are those that secrete excess amounts of normal pituitary hormones and present with a variety of clinical Volasertib purchase syndromes depending on the types of hormones secreted. Meanwhile, some macroadenoma may present with pressure symptoms, often increase in size if untreated, and in some rare cases they may cause symptoms related to mass

effect in which the optic nerves and chiasm are compressed[6, 7]. The second category of pituitary adenomas is nonfunctioning adenomas that do not secrete any known biologically active pituitary hormones. Patients can also suffer hypopituitarism secondary CBL-0137 purchase to compression of the normal functioning pituitary gland[8]. In the treatment of pituitary adenomas the goal is to remove the tumor mass or arrest further growth and when present normalize hormonal hypersecretion. Transsphenoidal surgery is established as one of the most reliable treatment modalities. This modern microsurgical technique can reduce tumor mass to protect surrounding structures from potential compression, and achieve the endocrinological cure of the symptoms caused by hormone secreting tumors. Long term tumor control rates after transsphenoidal excision alone vary from 50 to 80%[9]. However, in some cases, many patients are already in poor physical condition caused by extended production of the excess pituitary hormones, and general anesthesia itself sometimes brings a certain risk for them. Also, they

often show invasion to surrounding structures including cavernous sinus. And for these types of pituitary adenomas, incomplete tumor resection or recurrence as a result of tumor invasion into Cyclooxygenase (COX) surrounding structures is quite common[10]. In recent years, gamma knife radiosurgery(GKRS) has emerged as an important treatment modality in the management of secretory pituitary adenomas with its high efficacy. Radiosurgical treatment may deliver a high dose to the adenomas with high accuracy and may not influence the nearby neural structures to induce neurological defect[11]. Recently, more and more reports have detailed treatment results for secretory pituitary adenomas with GKRS, and there have been a number of reports of GKRS as a primary treatment for secretory pituitary adenomas[12].

Temperature dependences of the voltage drop across the diode U for fixed (and stabilized) forward and reverse currents I are shown in ABT-888 nmr Figure 7a,b. The temperature coefficient of voltage TCS (S=U) derived from the graphs depicted in Figure 7a,b

(the curves in panel (b) are linearized over an interval from 20℃ to 60℃) varies from 0.3%/℃ to 0.6%/℃ for forward bias and from −3%/℃ to −2.4%/℃ for reverse bias (Figure 7c,d). Figure 6 Temperature dependences of current and temperature coefficient of signal. Temperature dependences of current are presented for fixed voltages on a Ni silicide/poly-Si Schottky diode and temperature coefficient of signal (current) is plotted for each branch of the I-V characteristics. (a) Forward and (b) reverse currents (the legend represents the applied bias in volts

for each line). (c) Temperature coefficient of current vs. fixed voltage on the structure; negative AR-13324 cost GSK2118436 mouse and positive values of U in (c) correspond to forward and reverse biases, respectively. Figure 7 Temperature dependences of voltage and temperature coefficient of signal. Temperature dependences of voltage are presented for fixed currents through a Ni silicide/poly-Si Schottky diode and temperature coefficient of signal (voltage) is plotted for each branch of I-V characteristics. (a) Forward and (b) reverse biases (the legends represent the currents in μA for each line). (c, d) Temperature coefficient of voltage for each branch of I-V characteristics vs. fixed current through the structure. To derive the graph (d), the curves in (b) were linearized in the interval from 20℃ to 60℃. Negative and positive values of I

in (c) and Atazanavir (d) correspond to forward and reverse biases, respectively. As of now, we foresee two ways of improvement of electrical properties of the structure. The first of them consists in modification of the Schottky barrier formation process proposed in [27] which enables production of poly-Si/Ni polycide Schottky diodes with rectification ratios as high as 106. The other possibility is to replace poly-Si by α-Si:H and to apply the metal-induced crystallization to form diodes nearly as perfect as those produced on the basis of single-crystalline Si [8, 28–30]. Each of these alternatives in principle could enable the development of high-performance monolithic Schottky diode microbolometer IR FPAs.c Conclusion In summary, nickel silicide Schottky diodes formed on polycrystalline Si 〈P〉 films are proposed as temperature sensors of monolithic uncooled microbolometer IR focal plane arrays. The structure and chemical composition of the Schottky diodes have been examined by TEM. The Ni silicide has been identified as a multi-phase mixture composed of 20% to 40% of Ni3Si, 30% to 60% of Ni2Si, and 10% to 30% of NiSi with probable minor content of NiSi2 at the silicide/poly-Si interface.

The solid lines represent the fitting curves assuming the log-normal function, where is the mean diameter of the nanowires. Results and discussion All low-temperature Raman spectra were measured using a Jobin Yvon 64000 Raman microscope (HORIBA, Minami-ku, Kyoto, Japan) AZD5582 ic50 equipped with a Linkam optical DSC system (THMS600; Linkam Scientific Instruments, Surrey, UK). The results were utilized to investigate the spectroscopic properties of CuO nanowire BVD-523 at various temperatures. The specimens were mounted

on a non-background sample holder fixed to a cold head in a high-vacuum (<10−3 Torr), low-temperature (approximately 80 K) chamber. The CuO nanowire was excited by focusing a 514.5-nm Ar ion laser (Coherent Inc., Santa Clara, CA, USA) with a 5-mW laser power on the sample to form a spot size of approximately 1 μm in diameter, giving a power density of 102 W/cm2. From

the factor group analysis of the zone center modes for the monoclinic structure, given by Rousseau et al. [17], there are three Raman active modes (A g, B g 1, and B g 2) predicted in the spectra of CuO nanowires. Figure 2 shows an example of a series of Raman spectra taken at various temperatures, covering the antiferromagnetic transition temperature, with a mean diameter of 120 ± 8 nm. There are two phonon modes revealed in the Raman spectra taken of the CuO nanowires at T = 193 K at 300.2 and 348.8 cm−1[18], which are related to A g and B g 1 symmetries [19, 20]. The peak position is lower

than the value of the bulk CuO (A g = 301 cm−1 and B g 1 = 348 cm−1) [21], reflecting the size effect which Crenigacestat purchase acts to confine the lattice vibration in the radial directions resulting in a shift in the A g and B g 1 symmetries. As the temperature decreases to 83 K, it can be clearly seen that the peak positions of the A g and B g 1 modes around 301.8 and 350.9 cm−1, shown at the top of Figure 2, shifted toward higher Raman frequencies. While the temperature increased from 83 to 193 K, the peak position of the A g mode softened by 0.7%. Since the frequency of the phonon mode is related to Cu-O stretching, it is Leukocyte receptor tyrosine kinase expected that the frequency will downshift with increasing temperature, primarily due to the softening of the force constants that originate from the thermal expansion of the Cu-O bonds, resulting from the change in vibrational amplitude [22, 23]. In the study, the high resolution of our spectrometer allowed detection of relative change as small as 0.5 cm−1, and the vibrational frequency of a phonon mode can be used to determine the spin-phonon interaction. A phonon-phonon effect originates from the dynamical motion of lattice displacements, which are strongly coupled to the spin degrees of freedom dynamically below the magnetic ordering temperature. This coupling between the lattice and the spin degrees of freedom is named as spin-phonon.

Intra-assay and inter-assay

coefficient of variation were, respectively, 5.3-6.7% and 8.2-9.7% for TNF-α; 4.7-8.3% and 6.70-10.0% for IL-6; 6.9% and 13.1% for C-Reactive protein; and, 2.4-10.3%, and 8.0-12.0% for cortisol. The homeostasis model assessment for estimating insulin resistance (HOMAIR) was calculated as the check details product of fasting glucose times fasting insulin expressed in conventional units divided by 405 [36]. Psychosocial and pain questionnaires Participants completed the SF-36 Quality of Life (QOL) inventory to determine changes in quality of life scores throughout the length of the study [37]. The SF-36 QOL inventory assesses a number of physical and mental components including physical functioning (i.e., PF477736 nmr ability to perform most vigorous physical activities without limitation

to health); role physical (i.e., ability to work and perform daily activities); bodily pain (i.e., limitations due to pain); general health (i.e., assessment of personal health); vitality (i.e., feelings of energy); social functioning (i.e., ability to perform normal social activities); Eltanexor mouse role emotion (i.e., problems with work or other daily activities); and, mental health (state of feelings of peacefulness, happiness, and calm). This instrument has been shown to be

a valid indicator of psychosocial dimensions that may be influenced by general improvements in health and/or weight loss. Perceived knee pain was determined using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) following procedures developed by Denegar & Perrin [38]. In addition, the Western Ontario and McMasters University Osteoarthritis Index Ponatinib purchase (WOMAC™ 3.1 Index) was used to assess dimensions of pain, joint stiffness and disability in knee and hip osteoarthritis using a battery of 24 questions [39]. Statistical analysis Baseline demographic data (i.e., age, height, weight, percent body fat, BMI) were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Data were normally distributed and did not require transformation prior to statistical analysis. Related variables were grouped together and analyzed by multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) with repeated measures (PASW Statistics 18.0.2 [Release April 2, 2010], SPSS Headquarters, Chicago, IL). Non-correlated variables were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA. Delta values were calculated and analyzed on select variables by ANOVA for repeated measures to assess changes from baseline values. Data were considered statistically significant when the probability of type I error was 0.05 or less.

The non-inferiority margin was set at −10%. The MITT population included all subjects who received any amount of study drug according to their randomized

treatment group. The CE population included subjects in the MITT population who demonstrated sufficient FRAX597 adherence to the protocol. Baseline characteristics and demographics were comparable between the two study arms in each study. The majority of participants were Caucasian males with a median age of 48 years diagnosed with cellulitis, major abscesses and infected wounds/ulcers. Of the 76% of subjects with a pathogen isolated, S. aureus was the most common; the proportion with MRSA was 40% in the ceftaroline group and 34% in the vancomycin plus aztreonam group. Aztreonam or a saline placebo was discontinued

if a Gram-negative pathogen was not identified. A priori-defined integrated VEGFR inhibitor analysis of the primary endpoints demonstrated non-inferiority of ceftaroline in the MITT and CE populations (Table 3). In a planned secondary analysis of participants https://www.selleckchem.com/products/nct-501.html in the CE population with at least one pathogen isolated, clinical cure was achieved in 92.7% of the subjects in the ceftaroline treatment group compared with 94.4% receiving combination therapy (difference −1.7, 95% CI −4.9% to 1.6%) at TOC [47]. In bacteremic subjects, cure rates were 84.6% (22 of 26 subjects) in next the ceftaroline group compared to 100% (21 of 21 subjects) in the combination group (difference −15.4%, 95% CI −33.8% to 1.5%) [47]. In particular, cure rates among subjects with S. aureus bacteremia were lower in the ceftaroline group (88.9%), but not statistically different from the combination group (100%) with, notably, twice as many subjects having S. aureus bacteremia in the ceftaroline group than in the combination group (18 vs. 9, respectively). At late follow-up (21–35 days after completion of therapy), clinical

relapse rates were similar in the CE population: 1.1% and 0.9% in the ceftaroline and combination groups, respectively [47]. Post hoc analysis requested by the FDA to evaluate clinical response with cessation of lesion spread and apyrexia on day 3 of study therapy was conducted in a subgroup of 797 subjects and showed a weighted difference of 7.7% (95% CI 1.3–14.0%) in favor of ceftaroline [49]. Safety The safety profile of ceftaroline fosamil was evaluated in 1,740 participants and no unexpected safety concerns were identified [5, 48, 50, 51]. In the integrated FOCUS analysis, the most common adverse events occurring in greater than 2% of subjects receiving ceftaroline fosamil were diarrhea (4.2%), headache (3.4%), insomnia (3.1%) and phlebitis (2.8%) [50].

001); indeed, although even EGFR M- patients derive a small, but statistically significant, benefit in PFS from check details erlotinib maintenance GSK2245840 purchase (HR: 0.78, 95% CI: 0.63-0.96, p = 0.0185), the PFS gain of EGFR M+ patients is exceptionally wide (HR: 0.10, 95% CI: 0.04-0.25, p < 0.0001). The potential benefits of the inclusion of erlotinib in the maintenance treatment of EGFR M+ patients were consistent in the ATLAS

trial, where erlotinib was combined with bevacizumab. However, at the moment there are no survival data and no further analyses of OS are planned, due to loss of patients to follow up [32]. In routine clinical practice obtaining information on EGFR mutational status is not always easy and time-consuming, being not exceptional that such information becomes available Linsitinib cell line only when the patient is already receiving a standard first-line chemotherapy treatment: should this be the case, EGFR M+ patients have now the option to receive TKI right after the induction. The impact of erlotinib maintenance on OS of EGFR M+ patients, however,

is currently uncertain. Survival data in EGFR M+ patients included in SATURN trial are not yet mature although the low number of EGFR M+ patients and the shape of the survival curves, make it unlikely that a statistically significant benefit will become apparent with longer follow up. It is true that EGFR TKI are effective in advanced NSCLC

even when administered late in the course of the disease, but recent data document that about 50% of NSCLC patients treated with EGFR-TKIs will develop resistance-inducing EGFR mutations (such as the T790M) implying the possibility that resistant clones may expand as disease progresses [40–42]. Talking about costs in this specific context a recent retrospective cost-effectiveness analysis by Bradbury et al. reported the cost per year of life gained being not the most favorable in patients with sensitizing mutations in the EGFR Dichloromethane dehalogenase gene. This was because these patients derived relatively greater benefit and stayed on treatment longer, thereby incurring considerably higher drug acquisition costs [43]. Besides EGFR mutations, histology represents a potentially crucial decision factor for the choice of specific maintenance agents. Currently, no direct comparisons between different agents in histology-selected subgroups of patients have been reported. In the JMEN trial, the benefit of maintenance pemetrexed is clearly confined to patients with non-squamous histology: indeed, in patients with squamous histology OS on pemetrexed maintenance was indistinguishable from that on placebo; conversely, in non-squamous patients pemetrexed maintenance resulted in a reduction of the risk of death of approximately 30% and prolonged median survival from 10.3 to 15.5 months [27].

An UPGMA dendrogram was constructed by START 2.0 software using the unweighted pair-group method and the arithmetic average method (UPGMA). The split decomposition was done with SplitsTree and START 2.0 software on the MLST

website ( http://​eburst.​mlst.​net/​). LEE011 chemical structure Minimum-spanning tree analysis of the STs from all isolates was done using Prims’s algorithm in the BioNumerics software according to region and source separation (version 6.0, Applied-Maths, Sint Maartens-Latem, Belgium). Acknowledgements This research was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. SN-38 31025019), Hi-Tech Research and Development Program of China (863 Planning, Grant No.2011AA100902), Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, the China Agriculture Research System( Grant No.CARS-37), the Special Fund for Agro-scientific Research in the Public Interest (Grant No. 201303085), the Open Projects of Inner Mongolia Natural Science Foundation (No. 20102010), the Natural Science Foundation of Inner Mongolia (No. 2013MS1205; 2012MS1207), the Scientific Research Projects of Institution of Higher Education in Inner Mongolia (Grant No. NJZY12096). Electronic supplementary material Additional file 1: Table S1: Allelic profiles of 50 Leuconostoc lactis isolates. (DOC 106 KB) References

1. De Bruyne K, Schillinger U, Caroline L, Boehringer B, Cleenwerck

I, Vancanneyt M, De Vuyst L, Franz CM, Vandamme P: Leuconostoc Akt inhibitor in vivo holzapfelii sp. nov., isolated from Ethiopian coffee fermentation and assessment of sequence analysis of housekeeping genes for delineation of Leuconostoc species. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2007,57(Pt 12):2952–2959.PubMedCrossRef 2. Hemme D, Foucaud-Scheunemann C: Leuconostoc , characteristics, use in dairy technology and prospects in functional foods. Int Dairy J 2004, 14:467–494.CrossRef 3. Ogier JC, Casalta Etomidate E, Farrokh C, Saïhi A: Safety assessment of dairy microorganisms: the Leuconostoc genus. Int J Food Microbiol 2008,126(3):286–290.PubMedCrossRef 4. Sharpe ME, Garvie EI, Tilbury RH: Some slime-forming heterofermentative species of the genus Lactobacillus . Appl Microbiol 1972,23(2):389–397.PubMedCentralPubMed 5. Van Tieghem P: Sur la gomme du sucerie ( Leuconostoc mesenteroides ). Ann Sci Nat Bot 1878, 7:180–203. 6. Garvie EI: Separation of species of the genus Leuconostoc and differentiation of the Leuconostocs from other lactic acid bacteria. In Methods in Microbiology, 16. Edited by: Bergan. London: Academic Press; 1984:147–178. 7. Martinez-Murcia AJ, Collins MD: A phylogenetic analysis of an atypical Leuconostoc : description of Leuconostoc fallax sp. nov. FEMS Microbiol Lett 1991, 82:55–60.CrossRef 8.

The management of ruptured HCC is achieved by many techniques depending on the stability of the patient. If the patient is hemodynamically stable, conservative treatment with close monitoring and correction of coagulopathy is the gold standard of care [17]. On the other hand, if the patient is hemodynamically unstable, as in our case, he or she may need surgical interventions after resuscitation. These include transarterial embolization,

perihepatic packing, suture plication, absolute alcohol injection, hepatic artery ligation (HAL) or emergency lobe resection. Surgical interventions also depend on the condition of the liver, the size of the tumor and its location. Perihepatic HDAC assay packing is preferred in a bleeding tumor located near the diaphragm but the packing should not be left in for more than 36–72 h due to risk of infection [2]. Tumor blood supply comes mainly from the hepatic artery, and the efficacy of HAL is estimated to be 68-100%, with mortality as high as 77% [2]. Due to the risk of liver damage, selective HAL is preferred. One-stage emergency liver click here resection simultaneously stops bleeding and definitively treats HCC. The resection index in patients with a ruptured HCC ranges between 12.5 and 31%, and

these procedures have a high mortality rate due to inadequate knowledge of the functional hepatic reserve (hemorrhagic shock condition). Reported mortality

ranges Blebbistatin between second 16.5 and 100%, depending on the institution [2] and many authors consequently prefer staged liver resection after initial bleeding control. The resection index mentioned above ranged between 21 and 56%, while postoperative morality was reported between 0 and 9%. Therefore, one-staged liver resection in ruptured HCC cases should only be performed in easily accessible tumors and only in patients without liver cirrhosis [2]. In our case, the diagnosis of HCC was accidental, and the patient had no history of hepatic disease. On admission, the patient was hemodynamically unstable but had normal liver function. Hemoperitoneum secondary to hepatic rupture was confirmed by CT imaging, and we proceeded with emergency surgery. However, the tumor’s advanced stage made it difficult to access and isolate since it was already infiltrating the diaphragm. Direct diaphragmatic invasion of HCC is found in 10% to 13% of patients with HCC [10]. To date, 7 retrospective studies and 2 case reports in the English literature report that a total of 162 patients with HCC direct invasion to the diaphragm have undergone en bloc resection or blunt dissection (Table  1). Lau et al. and Lin et al. reported no significant differences in the surgical morbidity and mortality between patients who underwent a traditional hepatectomy and those who had diaphragm resection [18, 19]. Yamashita et al.

The binding sites of mAb BG11 and mAb DC10 are depicted with antibody icons. CS1, a conserved region of bacterial OppA proteins, is shown in diagonal strips, and conserved regions of mycoplasmal OppA proteins are depicted by dotted areas (CS2) and vertical strips (CS3). The ATP-binding site consists of the C-terminal localized Walker A (grid) and Walker B (horizontal strips) motifs. The deletion mutants were sign with gaps between the OppA bulks. Modified regions of the Walker A mutants were described below the OppA bulks. B. SDS-PAGE of the recombinant OppA mutants and wild type proteins P50, P60/P80, OppAwt and the

dephosphorylated OppAΔPi variant. The purified proteins were separated on a PLX3397 9.5% SDS gel followed by Coomassie staining and the wild type OppA variants in addition by ProQ- staining demonstrating phosphorylations. SeeBlue Plus 2 Pre-Stained Standard from Invitrogen was used as molecular weight marker. In the search for conserved sequence motifs in OppA proteins of different species, three regions with high homologies were detected: the region of AA179 – AA244, which is conserved in bacterial OppA proteins, thus

named CS1 (consensus sequence 1), and regions CS2 (AA365 – AA372) and CS3 (AA701 – AA729), which are conserved in mycoplasmal OppA proteins. To determine the functions of these regions, OppA mutants, OppAΔCS1, OppAΔCS2 and OppAΔCS3 were constructed (selleck products Figure 1A). With regard to the ATPase activity of OppA we analyzed five mutants. In 2004 two OppA mutants, OppAK875R (here named OppAWA1) and OppAΔP-loop this website (OppAWA2) had already been characterized. They were modified to different extent within the Walker A region (AA869 – AA876) leading to a decreased ATPase activity to 15% (OppAWA1) and 6% (OppAWA2) in relation to the wild type [14]. As L-NAME HCl computer analysis revealed a putative Walker A motif (AA411 – AA418) in the OppA protein of M. pulmonis (MYPU_6070), we constructed a third Walker A mutant (OppAWA3) by replacing the original Walker A region

of M. hominis with the putative Walker A sequence. Interestingly this putative Walker A motif of M. pulmonis OppA is located within the CS2 region. In the fourth OppA mutant, OppAΔWB the less conserved Walker B motif plus a downstream region of several hydrophobic amino acids was deleted (AA737 – AA752). In the OppAN mutant the C-terminal half of OppA (AA481- AA 961) was deleted thus missing the CS3, Walker B and Walker A motif. All OppA mutants were expressed in E. coli with an N-terminal histidine-tag instead of the 28 AA signal peptide; including the cysteine residue where signal peptidase II cleavage and lipid modification would normally take place in M. hominis. After purification the quality of the OppA mutants and wild type membrane proteins used in the following analyses was documented by SDS- PAGE. Dephosphorylation of OppA was demonstrated by ProQ staining (Figure 1B).

49, total VFA concentration of ~ 107 mM with ~ 17% of butyrate and a weak concentration of lactate

(3.4 mM; Table 3), in agreement with previous reports of butyric SARA [13, 40, 43]. Regarding the see more microbial composition and activities (Figure 3), total and cellulolytic bacteria and protozoa were not affected by probiotic supplementation. Feeding Lp + P and Lr + P NSC23766 nmr resulted in lower S. bovis and Prevotella spp. proportion (P < 0.05), while the decrease in Lactobacillus spp. proportion almost reached significance in P-fed wethers (P = 0.06). The treatment Lp + P reduced both total (data not shown) and specific amylase activities and increased specific xylanase activity (P < 0.05), whereas specific amylase selleck activity was numerically lower in wethers fed with Lr + P. These moderate microbiological shifts were accompanied by some changes in the fermentation patterns. Wethers supplemented with Lp + P and Lr + P had a higher pH nadir compared with C (+ 0.46 pH units; P < 0.05), but only Lp + P had higher mean ruminal

pH (+ 0.25 pH units, P < 0.05). The rise in pH was associated with a decrease in total VFA concentration (− 24%, P < 0.05), and butyrate proportion (P < 0.05) and an increase in acetate and minor VFAs (P < 0.05). Feeding P also reduced total VFAs (P < 0.05), and numerically changed individual VFAs proportions as did Lr + P. However, neither probiotic significantly affected mean ruminal pH. Figure 3 Effects of bacterial probiotic supplementation on the rumen microbial parameters during corn-induced butyric subacute acidosis. Acidosis was induced during 3 consecutive days. Protozoa, bacteria and polysaccharidase activities were quantified 3 h after acidosis induction on day 3. Bacterial species are expressed as % of total bacteria per gram of dry matter (DM). Polysaccharidase

activities are expressed as μmol of reducing sugar/mg protein/h. The treatments were identified as C = control without probiotic; P = Propionibacterium P63; Lp + P = L. plantarum + P63; Lr + P = L. rhamnosus + P63. Each single point is a mean of 4 data points from the 4-period Latin square. Error bars represent standard error of the means. Probiotic treatments that significantly differ from control are indicated by * for P ≤ 0.05. Figure 4 Effects of bacterial probiotic supplementation on Ribonucleotide reductase the rumen microbial parameters during beet pulp-induced propionic subacute acidosis. Acidosis was induced during 3 consecutive days. Protozoa, bacteria and polysaccharidase activities were quantified 3 h after acidosis induction on day 3. Bacterial species are expressed as % of total bacteria per gram of dry matter (DM). Polysaccharidase activities are expressed as μmol of reducing sugar/mg protein/h. The treatments were identified as C = control without probiotic; P = Propionibacterium P63; Lp + P = L. plantarum + P63; Lr + P = L. rhamnosus + P63.